川西亚高山森林林窗对凋落枝早期分解的影响

doi:10.17521/cjpe.2017.0186

植物生态学报 ›› 2018, Vol. 42 ›› Issue (1): 28-37.DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2017.0186

所属专题：凋落物

川西亚高山森林林窗对凋落枝早期分解的影响

郭彩虹,杨万勤,吴福忠,徐振锋,岳楷,倪祥银,袁吉,杨帆,谭波()

四川农业大学生态林业研究所, 长江上游林业生态工程四川省重点实验室, 高山森林生态系统定位研究站, 水土保持与荒漠化防治省级重点实验室, 成都 611130; 长江上游生态安全协同创新中心, 成都 611130

出版日期:2018-01-20 发布日期:2018-01-18
通讯作者: 谭波
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金(31500509);国家自然科学基金(31570445);国家自然科学基金(31500358);国家自然科学基金(31670526);国家自然科学基金(31622018)

Effects of forest gap size on initial decomposition of twig litter in the subalpine forest of western Sichuan, China

GUO Cai-Hong,YANG Wan-Qin,WU Fu-Zhong,XU Zhen-Feng,YUE Kai,NI Xiang-Yin,YUAN Ji,YANG Fan,TAN Bo()

Institute of Ecology & Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Forestry Ecological Engineering in Upper Reaches of Yangtze River Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Alpine Forest Ecosystem Research Station, Soil and Water Conservation and Desertification Control Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 611130, China; and Collaborative Innovation Center of Ecological Security in the Upper Reaches of Yangtze River, Chengdu 611130, China

Online:2018-01-20 Published:2018-01-18
Contact: Bo TAN
Supported by:
Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31500509);Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31570445);Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31500358);Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31670526);Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31622018)

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

林窗调控的土壤水热环境和分解者群落结构可能深刻影响凋落物分解过程, 已有的研究结果具有不确定性。为了解高海拔森林林窗面积对凋落枝分解的影响, 采用凋落物分解袋法, 于2012-2016年冬季和生长季节, 研究了川西亚高山森林255-290 m ²(FG1)、153-176 m ²(FG2)、38-46 m ²(FG3) 3种面积林窗和林下对岷江冷杉(Abies faxoniana)凋落枝质量损失的影响。结果显示: 林窗面积大小显著改变了林窗和林下的雪被厚度、温度和冻融循环频次; 雪被厚度和温度以FG1林窗最高, 林下最低; FG1、FG2、FG3林窗和林下枝条分解4年后的质量残留率分别为59.9%、59.5%、62.1%和55.3%, 分解系数k值分别为0.127、0.131、0.120和0.135, 95%分解时间分别为23.6、22.7、25.0和22.2 a; 与林下相比, 林窗显著增加了第一年和第二年生长季节的质量损失速率, 降低了第一年和第四年冬季的枝条质量损失速率; 林窗大小对质量损失速率的影响随分解时期变化差异明显, 质量损失速率在第一年和第三年冬季随林窗面积增大而增大, 在第三年生长季节随林窗面积增大而降低; 枝条质量损失的比例在第一年最高, 随林窗面积增加而增加, 且冬季高于生长季节。综上所述, 林窗环境变化深刻影响亚高山森林凋落枝分解, 但这种影响随林窗面积和分解时间有所差异。

关键词: 林窗, 凋落枝, 质量损失, 亚高山森林

Abstract:

Aims Existence of forest gaps affects soil moisture, temperature, and decomposer community structure in forest ecosystem; however, it remains largely unknown how the size of gaps affect litter decomposition. The objective of this study was to determine the rate of mass loss of twigs associated with the closed canopy and forest gaps of different sizes in a subalpine forest of western Sichuan, China.

Methods Three forest gaps (FG1: 255-290 m ², FG2: 153-176 m ²; FG3: 38-46 m ²) and three plots under a closed canopy in an alpine fir (Abies faxoniana) forest of western Sichuan, China were selected to conduct a litter decomposition experiment. The air-dried samples of A. faxoniana twigs were placed in nylon litterbags (size 20 cm × 20 cm, pore size 1.0 mm), and those litterbags were placed on the forest floor of experimental plots. The experiment was carried out for a period of four years from November 2012 to October 2016. Mass loss rates associated with different forest gaps and closed canopy were estimated every six months.

Important findings Our results showed that there were significant differences in the depth of snow cover, the temperature and the frequency of freezing and thawing cycles on the forest floor associated with the three gaps and a closed canopy. The snow depth and the temperature were highest in the FG1 and lowest under the closed canopy. After four years, the remaining mass percentages of twig were 59.9%, 59.5%, 62.1% and 55.3% for the FG1, FG2, FG3 and the closed canopy, respectively. Correspondingly, the decomposition constant (k) was 0.127, 0.131, 0.120 and 0.135, and the time for 95% decomposition was 23.6, 22.7, 25.0 and 22.2 a for the FG1, FG2, FG3 and the closed canopy, respectively. Compared with the closed canopy, the mass loss rates in the forest gaps increased in the growing season for the first year and the second year, but reduced in the winter for the first year and fourth year. The effects of gap sizes on the mass loss rates varied with the decomposing periods. The mass loss rates increased with the increase of the gap size in the winter during the first year and the third year decomposing, and reduced with the increase of gap size in the growing season in the third year. Also, the percentage of mass loss was the highest in the first year and increased with the gap size. The percentage of mass loss in the winter was higher than that in the growing season. In conclusion, the formation of forest gaps profoundly affects the litter decomposition in the subalpine forest of western Sichuan.

Key words: forest gap, twig, mass loss, subalpine forest

郭彩虹, 杨万勤, 吴福忠, 徐振锋, 岳楷, 倪祥银, 袁吉, 杨帆, 谭波. 川西亚高山森林林窗对凋落枝早期分解的影响. 植物生态学报, 2018, 42(1): 28-37. DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2017.0186

GUO Cai-Hong, YANG Wan-Qin, WU Fu-Zhong, XU Zhen-Feng, YUE Kai, NI Xiang-Yin, YUAN Ji, YANG Fan, TAN Bo. Effects of forest gap size on initial decomposition of twig litter in the subalpine forest of western Sichuan, China. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 2018, 42(1): 28-37. DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2017.0186

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https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/Y2018/V42/I1/28

图/表 9

表1 川西亚高山森林林窗基本性质

Table 1 Basic characteristics of forest gaps in the subalpine forest of western Sichuan

林窗类型 Gap type	林窗面积(m²) Area of gap	林窗形成木 Species of gap maker	林窗边界木 Species of gap border	林窗形成方式 Causes of gap
FG1	255-290	岷江冷杉, 高度以20-30 m为主, 胸径以40-70 cm居多 Abies faxoniana with height and diameter at breast height ranging between 20 and 30 m and between 40 and 70 cm, respectively	岷江冷杉、红桦, 高度以20-30 m为主, 胸径以40-60 cm居多 Abies faxoniana and Betula albo-sinensis with height and diameter at breast height ranging between 20 and 30 m and between 40 and 60 cm, respectively	折干, 枯立 Breakage at trunk, standing death
FG2	153-176
FG3	38-46

表2 岷江冷杉凋落枝初始质量特征(平均值±标准误差, n = 5)

Table 2 Initial quality in twig litter of Abies faxoniana (mean ± SE, n = 5)

有机碳(g·kg^-1) Organic carbon (C)	总氮(g·kg^-1) Total nitrogen (N)	总磷(g·kg^-1) Total phosphorus (P)	木质素(%) Lignin	纤维素(%) Cellulose	碳:氮 C:N	碳:磷 C:P	氮:磷 N:P	木质素:氮 Lignin:N
441.8 ± 10.7	8.11 ± 0.20	0.7 ± 0.1	32.4 ± 1.7	23.8 ± 1.2	54.4 ± 0.9	657.4 ± 21.4	12.1 ± 0.4	41.7 ± 0.8

图1 川西亚高山森林不同面积林窗和郁闭林下的雪被厚度(平均值±标准误差)。不同小写字母代表林窗间差异显著。FG1, 255-290 m2; FG2, 153-176 m2; FG3, 38-46 m2; CC, 郁闭林下。

Fig. 1 Snow depths associated with the forest gaps and the closed canopy in the subalpine forest of Western Sichuan (mean ± SE). Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among the three forest gaps and the closed canopy. FG1, 255-290 m2; FG2, 153-176 m2; FG3, 38-46 m2; CC, closed canopy.

图2 川西亚高山森林不同面积林窗和郁闭林下地表平均温度和冻融循环频次(平均值±标准误差)。不同小写字母代表林窗间差异显著。FG1, 255-290 m2; FG2, 153-176 m2; FG3, 38-46 m2; CC, 郁闭林下。1W, 第1年冬季; 1GS, 第1年生长季节; 2W, 第2年冬季; 2GS, 第2年生长季节; 3W, 第3年冬季; 3GS, 第3年生长季节; 4W, 第4年冬季; 4GS, 第4年生长季节。

Fig. 2 Mean surface temperature and frequency of freeze-thaw cycles in the litterbag associated with the forest gaps and the closed canopy in the subalpine forest of Western Sichuan (mean ± SE). Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among the three forest gaps and the closed canopy. FG1, 255-290 m2; FG2, 153-176 m2; FG3, 38-46 m2; CC, closed canopy. 1W, the first winter; 1GS, the first growing season; 2W, the second winter; 2GS, the second growing season; 3W, the third winter; 3GS, the third growing season; 4W, the fourth winter; 4GS, the fourth growing season.

图3 川西亚高山森林不同面积林窗和郁闭林下凋落枝持水能力(平均值±标准误差)。不同小写字母代表林窗间差异显著。FG1, 255-290 m2; FG2, 153-176 m2; FG3, 38-46 m2; CC, 郁闭林下。1W, 第1年冬季; 1GS, 第1年生长季节; 2W, 第2年冬季; 2GS, 第2年生长季节; 3W, 第3年冬季; 3GS, 第3年生长季节; 4W, 第4年冬季; 4GS, 第4年生长季节。

Fig. 3 Water holding capacity of twig litter associated with the forest gaps and the closed canopy in the subalpine forest of Western Sichuan (mean ± SE). Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among the three forest gaps and the closed canopy. FG1, 255-290 m2; FG2, 153-176 m2; FG3, 38-46 m2; CC, closed canopy. 1W, the first winter; 1GS, the first growing season; 2W, the second winter; 2GS, the second growing season; 3W, the third winter; 3GS, the third growing season; 4W, the fourth winter; 4GS, the fourth growing season.

图4 川西亚高山森林不同面积林窗和郁闭林下凋落枝质量残留率。不同小写字母代表林窗间差异显著。FG1, 255- 290 m2; FG2, 153-176 m2; FG3, 38-46 m2; CC, 郁闭林下。R2adj, 调整决定系数。

Fig. 4 Mass remaining of twig litter associated with the forest gaps and the closed canopy in the subalpine forest of Western Sichuan. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among the three forest gaps and the closed canopy. FG1, 255-290 m2; FG2, 153-176 m2; FG3, 38-46 m2; CC, closed canopy. R2adj, adjusted coefficient of determination.

表3 不同面积林窗和郁闭林下凋落枝分解特征分解系数、相关系数、半分解和95%分解时间

Table 3 Decomposition constant, adjusted correlation coefficient, and time of 50% and 95% decomposition of twig litter in different forest gaps and the closed canopy

林窗类型 Gap type	回归方程 Regression equation	分解系数k Decomposition constant k	调整决定系数 Adjusted coefficient of determination	半分解时间 Time of half decomposition (a)	95%分解时间 Time of 95% decomposition (a)	显著性 Significance
FG1	y = 91.53e^-0.127^t	0.127	0.773	5.458	23.588	p < 0.001
FG2	y = 95.55e^-0.131^t	0.131	0.786	5.291	22.868	p < 0.001
FG3	y = 95.55e^-0.120^t	0.120	0.764	5.776	24.964	p < 0.001
CC	y = 95.55e^-0.135^t	0.135	0.758	5.134	22.191	p < 0.001

图5 川西亚高山森林不同面积林窗和郁闭林下凋落枝每30天的质量损失速率(平均值±标准误差)。FG1, 255-290 m2; FG2, 153-176 m2; FG3, 38-46 m2; CC, 郁闭林下。1W, 第1年冬季; 1GS, 第1年生长季节; 2W, 第2年冬季; 2GS, 第2年生长季节; 3W, 第3年冬季; 3GS, 第3年生长季节; 4W, 第4年冬季; 4GS, 第4年生长季节。

Fig. 5 Mass loss rate per 30 days of twig litter associated with the forest gaps and the closed canopy in the subalpine forest of Western Sichuan (mean ± SE). FG1, 255-290 m2; FG2, 153-176 m2; FG3, 38-46 m2; CC, closed canopy. 1W, the first winter; 1GS, the first growing season; 2W, the second winter; 2GS, the second growing season; 3W, the third winter; 3GS, the third growing season; 4W, the fourth winter; 4GS, the fourth growing season.

图6 川西亚高山森林不同面积林窗和郁闭林下各关键时期凋落枝质量损失比例。FG1, 255-290 m2; FG2, 153-176 m2; FG3, 38-46 m2; CC, 郁闭林下。1W, 第1年冬季; 1GS, 第1年生长季节; 2W, 第2年冬季; 2GS, 第2年生长季节; 3W, 第3年冬季; 3GS, 第3年生长季节; 4W, 第4年冬季; 4GS, 第4年生长季节。

Fig. 6 Percentage of mass loss at different sampling stages associated with different forest gaps and the closed canopy in the subalpine forest of Western Sichuan. FG1, 255-290 m2; FG2, 153-176 m2; FG3, 38-46 m2; CC, closed canopy. 1W, the first winter; 1GS, the first growing season; 2W, the second winter; 2GS, the second growing season; 3W, the third winter; 3GS, the third growing season; 4W, the fourth winter; 4GS, the fourth growing season.

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川西亚高山森林林窗对凋落枝早期分解的影响

Effects of forest gap size on initial decomposition of twig litter in the subalpine forest of western Sichuan, China

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