雪被去除减缓岷江冷杉凋落叶易分解碳释放

doi:10.17521/cjpe.2022.0111

植物生态学报 ›› 2023, Vol. 47 ›› Issue (5): 672-686.DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2022.0111

雪被去除减缓岷江冷杉凋落叶易分解碳释放

赖硕钿¹, 吴福忠¹^,²^,³, 吴秋霞¹, 朱晶晶¹, 倪祥银¹^,²^,³^,^*()

1.福建师范大学地理科学学院, 福州 350007
2.湿润亚热带生态-地理过程教育部重点实验室, 福州 350007
3.福建三明森林生态系统国家野外科学观测研究站, 福建三明 365002

收稿日期:2022-04-01 接受日期:2022-09-04 出版日期:2023-05-20 发布日期:2022-09-06
通讯作者: * (nixy@fjnu.edu.cn)
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金(32022056);国家自然科学基金(31800521);国家自然科学基金(32101509);国家自然科学基金(32171641)

Reduced release of labile carbon from Abies fargesii var. faxoniana needle litter after snow removal in an alpine forest

LAI Shuo-Tian¹, WU Fu-Zhong¹^,²^,³, WU Qiu-Xia¹, ZHU Jing-Jing¹, NI Xiang-Yin¹^,²^,³^,^*()

1. School of Geographical Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China
2. Key Laboratory for Humid Subtropical Eco-Geographical Processes of the Ministry of Education, Fuzhou 350007, China
3. Fujian Sanming Forest Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, Sanming, Fujian 365002, China

Received:2022-04-01 Accepted:2022-09-04 Online:2023-05-20 Published:2022-09-06
Supported by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China(32022056);National Natural Science Foundation of China(31800521);National Natural Science Foundation of China(32101509);National Natural Science Foundation of China(32171641)

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

气候变化已经并将持续改变寒冷生物区季节性雪被厚度和覆盖时间, 雪被厚度的减少可能影响高山森林凋落物分解, 尤其是其早期分解过程中易分解碳的释放。该文研究了川西高山森林雪被去除处理后优势树种岷江冷杉(Abies fargesii var. faxoniana)凋落叶总有机碳、热水/冷水可溶性有机碳、非结构性碳(可溶性糖、淀粉)在冬季(雪被形成期、覆盖期、融化期)和生长季(初期、中期、后期)的释放规律。结果表明: (1)经过一年的分解, 对照和雪被去除处理的凋落叶质量残留量分别为76.4%和86.2%, 总有机碳残留量分别为60.5%和74.8%。(2)经过一个冬季分解后, 雪被去除处理降低了凋落叶热水溶性有机碳和可溶性糖的释放, 而增加了总有机碳、可溶性有机碳、非结构性碳和淀粉的富集。(3)经过生长季分解后, 雪被去除处理降低了凋落叶易分解碳释放, 其中总有机碳、热水溶性有机碳、可溶性有机碳、非结构性碳、可溶性糖和淀粉的释放分别降低了36.3%、0.8%、43.7%、28.3%、21.7%和33.7%。偏最小二乘法分析表明, 岷江冷杉凋落叶易分解碳释放受土壤冻融循环次数、脲酶活性、土壤温度和可溶性有机碳含量影响显著。以上结果说明冬季雪被覆盖促进了高山森林凋落叶易分解碳释放, 表明高山森林冬季雪被格局的改变将显著影响地表凋落叶分解过程, 且这种影响将持续作用于生长季凋落叶碳释放, 深刻影响高山森林土壤生物地球化学过程。

关键词: 雪被去除, 凋落针叶分解, 易分解碳, 非结构性碳, 高山森林

Abstract:

Aims Changes in the depth and duration of seasonal snowpack induced by climate change may affect litter decomposition, particularly the release of labile carbon during the early decomposition periods in alpine forests. Our objective of this study was to assess the effect of snow removal on labile carbon fractions in litter (i.e., dissolved organic carbon (DOC), hot-water extractable carbon (HWEC) and non-structural carbon (NSC)) during early stage of litter decomposition in an alpine forest on the eastern Qingzang Plateau.
Methods An in situ litter input microcosm experiment was conducted in an alpine forest dominated by 120 to 150-year-old fir (Abies fargesii var. faxoniana) from October 2018 to October 2019. Air-dried fir needle litter was incubated at control and snow removal plots and the concentrations of total organic carbon (TOC), DOC, HWEC, NSC, soluble sugars and starch in decomposing fir litter were determined during winter (snow formation period, snow coverage period and snow melt period) and growing season (early, middle and late growing season).
Important findings Results showed that litter mass remained by 76.4% and 86.2% at control and snow removal plots, respectively, over one year of decomposition. After decomposition for one year, 60.5% and 74.8% of organic carbon remained in decomposing litter at control and snow removal plots, respectively. After decomposition for a winter, the release of HWEC and soluble sugars from decomposing litter were lower, while TOC, DOC, NSC and starch in fir needle litter were higher in snow removal plots than that in control plot. After decomposition for a growing season, the release of TOC, HWEC, DOC, NSC, soluble sugars and starch were reduced by 36.3%, 0.8%, 43.7%, 28.3%, 21.7% and 33.7%, respectively, in the snow removal plots compared to those in the control plots. The results from partial least square model indicated that labile carbon release was strongly controlled by soil freezing-thawing cycle, urease activity, soil temperature and DOC concentration. These results suggest that the presence of snow cover accelerated the release of labile carbon from decomposing litter during winter and growing seasons, highlighting the importance of seasonal snow cover in controlling litter decomposition in high-latitude and high-altitude ecosystems. Moreover, the significant influence of snow cover on labile carbon release during winter could have a legacy effect on litter decomposition during the subsequent growing season, suggesting that snow cover is of great significance for soil biogeochemical cycles in this alpine forest.

Key words: snow removal, needle litter decomposition, labile carbon, non-structural carbon, alpine forest

赖硕钿, 吴福忠, 吴秋霞, 朱晶晶, 倪祥银. 雪被去除减缓岷江冷杉凋落叶易分解碳释放. 植物生态学报, 2023, 47(5): 672-686. DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2022.0111

LAI Shuo-Tian, WU Fu-Zhong, WU Qiu-Xia, ZHU Jing-Jing, NI Xiang-Yin. Reduced release of labile carbon from Abies fargesii var. faxoniana needle litter after snow removal in an alpine forest. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 2023, 47(5): 672-686. DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2022.0111

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链接本文: https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/10.17521/cjpe.2022.0111

https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/Y2023/V47/I5/672

图/表 12

图1 研究期间川西高山森林环境因子的变化。A, 雪被厚度。B, 土壤表面温度。C, 土壤有机层日平均温度。D, 凋落叶含水量。A、C和D数值为平均值±标准误(n = 5)。p表示基于重复测量方差分析的雪被和不同分解时期对凋落叶含水量的影响, 星号表示t检验下不同雪被处理之间差异显著(*, p < 0.05; **, p < 0.01; ***, p < 0.001)。EG, 生长季初期; LG, 生长季后期; MG, 生长季中期; SC, 雪被覆盖期; SF, 雪被形成期; SM, 雪被融化期。

Fig. 1 Changes in environmental factors in an alpine forest on the eastern Qingzang Plateau during the study period. A, Snow depth. B, Soil surface temperature. C, Daily mean temperature of soil organic layer. D, Gravimetric water content in decomposing litter. Values are mean ± SE (n = 5) in A, C and D. p shows results from repeated measures ANOVA testing for the effect of snow removal in different decomposition periods, and asterisks denote significant differences between control and snow removal plots based on t-test (*, p < 0.05; **, p < 0.01; ***, p < 0.001). EG, early growing season period; LG, late growing season period; MG, middle growing season period; SC, snow coverage period; SF, snow formation period; SM, snow melt period.

表1 不同雪被处理下川西高山森林土壤有机层冻融循环次数

Table 1 Number of freeze-thaw cycles of soil organic layer in the control and snow removal plots in an alpine forest on the eastern Qingzang Plateau

分解时期 Decomposition period	对照 Control	雪被去除 Snow removal
雪被形成期 Snow formation period	13	16
雪被覆盖期 Snow coverage period	6	3
雪被融化期 Snow melt period	5	31
生长季初期 Early growing season period	0	0
生长季中期 Middle growing season period	0	0
生长季后期 Late growing season period	1	3

图2 雪被去除处理对岷江冷杉凋落叶质量的影响(平均值±标准误, n = 5)。A中p表示基于重复测量方差分析的雪被和不同分解时期对凋落叶质量的影响, 星号表示t检验下不同雪被处理之间差异显著(*, p < 0.05; ***, p < 0.001)。EG, 生长季初期; Initial, 初始时期; LG, 生长季后期; MG, 生长季中期; SC, 雪被覆盖期; SF, 雪被形成期; SM, 雪被融化期。

Fig. 2 Effects of snow removal on mass of Abies fargesii var. faxoniana needle litter during the study period (mean ± SE, n = 5). p in A shows results from repeated measures ANOVA testing for the effect of snow removal in different decomposition periods and asterisks denote significant differences between control and snow removal plots based on t-test (*, p < 0.05; ***, p < 0.001). EG, early growing season period; Initial, initial period; LG, late growing season period; MG, middle growing season period; SC, snow coverage period; SF, snow formation period; SM, snow melt period.

表2 不同雪被处理下岷江冷杉凋落叶分解回归方程、相关系数、分解速率、50%分解和95%分解时间(平均值±标准误, n = 5)

Table 2 Regression equation, correlation coefficient, decomposition coefficient, 50% and 95% decomposition time of leaf litter of Abies fargesii var. faxoniana in snow removal and control plots (mean ± SE, n = 5)

处理 Treatment	回归方程 Regression equation	相关系数 Correlation coefficient (R²)	分解速率 Decomposition rate (a^-1)	50%分解时间 Time of half decomposition (a)	95%分解时间 Time of 95% decomposition (a)
对照 Control	y = 101.3e^-0.264^x	0.956 ± 0.021	0.266 ± 0.033^a	2.60 ± 0.281^b	11.25 ± 1.22^b
雪被去除 Snow removal	y = 99.5e^-0.134^x	0.934 ± 0.013	0.134 ± 0.006^b	5.17 ± 0.233^a	22.32 ± 1.01^a

图3 雪被去除处理对岷江冷杉凋落叶总有机碳的影响(平均值±标准误, n = 5)。p表示基于重复测量方差分析的雪被和不同分解时期对凋落叶总有机碳的影响, 星号表示t检验下不同雪被处理之间差异显著(*, p < 0.05; **, p < 0.01; ***, p < 0.001)。EG, 生长季初期; Initial, 初始时期; LG, 生长季后期; MG, 生长季中期; SC, 雪被覆盖期; SF, 雪被形成期; SM, 雪被融化期。

Fig. 3 Effects of snow removal on total organic carbon (TOC) in litter of Abies fargesii var. faxoniana during the decomposition period (mean ± SE, n = 5). p in A and B show results from repeated measures ANOVA testing for the effect of snow removal in different decomposition periods. Asterisks denote significant differences between control and snow removal plots based on t-test (*, p < 0.05; **, p < 0.01; ***, p < 0.001). EG, early growing season period; Initial, initial period; LG, late growing season period; MG, middle growing season period; SC, snow coverage period; SF, snow formation period; SM, snow melt period.

图4 环境因子对岷江冷杉凋落叶易分解碳组分的影响(平均值±标准误)。A, 各变量偏最小二乘(PLS)系数。PLS系数大于0表示正作用, 小于0表示负作用。红色表示变量作用显著(p < 0.05)。B, 各变量重要值。变量重要值大于1表示作用显著(p < 0.05, 红色标注)。DMT, 土壤有机层日平均温度; DOC, 土壤有机层可溶性有机碳含量; DON, 土壤可溶性有机氮含量; Invertase, 蔗糖酶活性; MBC, 微生物生物量碳含量; MBN, 微生物生物量氮含量; Microbial Res, 微生物呼吸速率; NFTC, 土壤冻融循环次数; NH4+, 土壤铵态氮含量; NO3-, 土壤硝态氮含量; Snow, 雪被厚度; Soil moisture, 土壤有机层湿度; Urease, 土壤脲酶活性。

Fig. 4 Environmental factors in explaining labile carbon during litter decomposition of Abies fargesii var. faxoniana (mean ± SE). A, Partial least squares (PLS) coefficient. PLS coefficients greater than 0 show positive effect and those less than 0 show negative effect. Red indicates that the variable had a significant effect (p < 0.05). B, Variable importance. The values greater than 1 represent significant effect (p < 0.05, red). DMT, daily mean temperature in soil organic layer; DOC, dissolved organic carbon concentration in soil organic layer; DON, soil dissolved organic nitrogen concentration; Invertase, soil invertase activity; MBC, microbial biomass carbon concentration; MBN, microbial biomass nitrogen concentration; Microbial Res, microbial respiration rate; NFTC, soil freeze-thaw cycle; NH4+, Soil NH4+ concentration; NO3-, soil NO3- concentration; Snow, snow depth; Soil moisture, soil organic layer moisture; Urease, soil urease activity.

图5 环境因子与岷江冷杉凋落叶易分解碳组分相关性。A, 对照。B, 雪被去除处理。DMT, 土壤有机层日平均温度; DOC, 凋落叶可溶性有机碳含量; HWEC, 热水溶性有机碳含量; MBC, 微生物生物量碳含量; MBN, 微生物生物量氮含量; Microbial Res, 微生物呼吸速率; NFTC, 土壤冻融循环次数; NO3-, 土壤硝态氮含量; NSC, 非结构性碳含量; Snow, 雪被厚度; Soil DOC, 土壤有机层可溶性有机碳含量; Soil moisture, 土壤有机层湿度; Starch, 淀粉含量; Sugar, 可溶性糖含量; TOC, 总有机碳含量; Urease, 脲酶活性; Water, 凋落叶含水量。星号表示变量之间显著相关(*, p < 0.05; **, p < 0.01)。

Fig. 5 Correlations between litter labile carbon of Abies fargesii var. faxoniana and environmental factors. A, Control; B, Snow removal. DMT, daily mean temperature in soil organic layer; DOC, dissolved organic carbon concentration of needle litter; HWEC, hot water-extraction carbon concentration; MBC, microbial biomass carbon concentration; MBN, microbial biomass nitrogen concentration; Microbial Res, microbial respiration rate; NFTC, soil freeze-thaw cycle; NO3-, soil NO3- concentration; NSC, non-structural carbon concentration; Snow, snow depth; Soil DOC, dissolved organic carbon concentration in soil organic layer; Soil moisture, soil organic layer moisture; Starch, starch concentration; Sugar, soluble sugar concentration; TOC, total organic carbon concentration; Urease, soil urease activity; Water, water content of litter. Asterisks denote significant correlations between variables (*, p < 0.05; **, p < 0.01).

图6 雪被去除处理对岷江冷杉凋落叶热水溶性有机碳(HWEC)的影响(平均值±标准误, n = 5)。p表示基于重复测量方差分析的雪被和不同分解时期对凋落叶HWEC的影响, 星号表示t检验下不同雪被处理之间差异显著(*, p < 0.05; **, p < 0.01)。EG, 生长季初期; Initial, 初始时期; LG, 生长季后期; MG, 生长季中期; SC, 雪被覆盖期; SF, 雪被形成期; SM, 雪被融化期。

Fig. 6 Effects of snow removal on hot water-extraction organic carbon (HWEC) in litter of Abies fargesii var. faxoniana during the decomposition period (mean ± SE, n = 5). p in A and B show results from repeated measures ANOVA testing for the effect of snow removal in different decomposition periods. Asterisks denote significant differences between control and snow removal plots based on t-test (*, p < 0.05; **, p < 0.01). EG, early growing season period; Initial, initial period; LG, late growing season period; MG, middle growing season period; SC, snow coverage period; SF, snow formation period; SM, snow melt period.

图7 雪被去除处理对岷江冷杉凋落叶可溶性有机碳的影响(平均值±标准误, n = 5)。p表示基于重复测量方差分析的雪被和不同分解时期对凋落叶可溶性有机碳的影响, 星号表示t检验下不同雪被处理之间差异显著(*, p < 0.05; **, p < 0.01; ***, p < 0.001)。EG, 生长季初期; Initial, 初始时期; LG, 生长季后期; MG, 生长季中期; SC, 雪被覆盖期; SF, 雪被形成期; SM, 雪被融化期。

Fig. 7 Effects of snow removal on dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in litter of Abies fargesii var. faxoniana during the decomposition period (mean ± SE, n = 5). p in A and B show results from repeated measures ANOVA testing for the effect of snow removal in different decomposition periods. Asterisks denote significant differences between control and snow removal plots based on t-test (*, p < 0.05; **, p < 0.01; ***, p < 0.001). EG, early growing season period; Initial, initial period; LG, late growing season period; MG, middle growing season period; SC, snow coverage period; SF, snow formation period; SM, snow melt period.

图8 雪被去除处理对岷江冷杉凋落叶非结构性碳的影响(平均值±标准误, n = 5)。p表示基于重复测量方差分析的雪被和不同分解时期对凋落叶非结构性碳的影响, 星号表示t检验下不同雪被处理之间差异显著(*, p < 0.05; **, p < 0.01)。EG, 生长季初期; Initial, 初始时期; LG, 生长季后期; MG, 生长季中期; SC, 雪被覆盖期; SF, 雪被形成期; SM, 雪被融化期。

Fig. 8 Effects of snow removal on non-structural carbon (NSC) in litter of Abies fargesii var. faxoniana during the decomposition period (mean ± SE, n = 5). p in A and B show results from repeated measures ANOVA testing for the effect of snow removal in different decomposition periods. Asterisks denote significant differences between control and snow removal plots based on t-test (*, p < 0.05; **, p < 0.01). EG, early growing season period; Initial, initial period; LG, late growing season period; MG, middle growing season period; SC, snow coverage period; SF, snow formation period; SM, snow melt period.

图9 雪被去除处理对岷江冷杉凋落叶可溶性糖的影响(平均值±标准误, n = 5)。p表示基于重复测量方差分析的雪被和不同分解时期对凋落叶可溶性糖的影响, 星号表示t检验下不同雪被处理之间差异显著(*, p < 0.05)。EG, 生长季初期; Initial, 初始时期; LG, 生长季后期; MG, 生长季中期; SC, 雪被覆盖期; SF, 雪被形成期; SM, 雪被融化期。

Fig. 9 Effects of snow removal on soluble sugar in litter of Abies fargesii var. faxoniana during the decomposition period (mean ± SE, n = 5). p in A and B show results from repeated measures ANOVA testing for the effect of snow removal in different decomposition periods. Asterisks denote significant differences between control and snow removal plots based on t-test (*, p < 0.05; **, p < 0.01; ***, p < 0.001). EG, early growing season period; Initial, initial period; LG, late growing season period; MG, middle growing season period; SC, snow coverage period; SF, snow formation period; SM, snow melt period.

图10 雪被去除处理对岷江冷杉凋落叶淀粉的影响(平均值±标准误, n = 5)。p表示基于重复测量方差分析的雪被和不同分解时期对凋落叶淀粉的影响, 星号表示t检验下不同雪被处理之间差异显著(*, p < 0.05; **, p < 0.01; ***, p < 0.001)。EG, 生长季初期; Initial, 初始时期; LG, 生长季后期; MG, 生长季中期; SC, 雪被覆盖期; SF, 雪被形成期; SM, 雪被融化期。

Fig. 10 Effects of snow removal on starch in litter of Abies fargesii var. faxoniana during the decomposition period (mean ± SE, n = 5). p in A and B show results from repeated measures ANOVA testing for the effect of snow removal in different decomposition periods. Asterisks denote significant differences between control and snow removal plots based on t-test (*, p < 0.05; **, p < 0.01; ***, p < 0.001). EG, early growing season period; Initial, initial period; LG, late growing season period; MG, middle growing season period; SC, snow coverage period; SF, snow formation period; SM, snow melt period.

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雪被去除减缓岷江冷杉凋落叶易分解碳释放

Reduced release of labile carbon from Abies fargesii var. faxoniana needle litter after snow removal in an alpine forest

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