畜禽草耦合模式探索——不同土地利用方式对中国北方草地羊草植物群落的影响

doi:10.17521/cjpe.2024.0093

植物生态学报 ›› 2025, Vol. 49 ›› Issue (1): 211-220.DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2024.0093 cstr: 32100.14.cjpe.2024.0093

• 研究论文 • 上一篇

畜禽草耦合模式探索——不同土地利用方式对中国北方草地羊草植物群落的影响

许宏¹^,²^,^*, 苏华¹^,²^,^*, 李永庚¹^,²^,^**(), 苏本营³, 杨景成⁴, 李玉强⁵, 王正文⁶

¹中国科学院植物研究所植被与环境变化国家重点实验室, 国家植物园, 北京 100093
²正蓝旗浑善达克沙地生态研究站, 内蒙古锡林郭勒盟 027200
³门头沟区科技开发中心, 北京 102300
⁴国家自然博物馆, 北京 100050
⁵中国科学院西北生态环境资源研究院, 兰州 730000
⁶中国科学院沈阳应用生态研究所, 沈阳 110016

收稿日期:2024-04-01 接受日期:2024-11-12 出版日期:2025-01-20 发布日期:2025-03-08
通讯作者: ** (liyonggeng@ibcas.ac.cn)
作者简介:第一联系人：
* 同等贡献
基金资助:
中国科学院战略性先导科技专项(A类)(XDA26020104);国家自然科学基金(31770577);国家自然科学基金(42342058)

Exploration of livestock-poultry-grassland systems: the influence of different land use types on the grassland dominated by Leymus chinensis in northern China

XU Hong¹^,²^,^*, SU Hua¹^,²^,^*, LI Yong-Geng¹^,²^,^**(), SU Ben-Ying³, YANG Jing-Cheng⁴, LI Yu-Qiang⁵, WANG Zheng-Wen⁶

¹State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China National Botanical Garden, Beijing 100093, China
²Hunshandake Sandy Land Ecological Research Station, Zhenglan Banner, Xilin Gol League, Nei Mongol 027200, China
³Science and Technology Development Service Center of Mentougou District, Beijing 102300, China
⁴Natural History Museum of China, Beijing 100050, China
⁵Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
⁶Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China

Received:2024-04-01 Accepted:2024-11-12 Online:2025-01-20 Published:2025-03-08
About author:First author contact:
* Contributed equally to this work
Supported by:
Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(XDA26020104);National Natural Science Foundation of China(31770577);National Natural Science Foundation of China(42342058)

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

以羊草(Leymus chinensis)为优势种的草地是中国北方最重要的草地类型之一, 具有重要的生态系统服务功能。由于长期不合理利用, 草地生态系统中的营养元素持续“入不敷出”, 导致当前的羊草草地普遍处于退化状态, 无法正常发挥其生态及生产功能。已有研究表明, 畜禽草耦合能够促进退化草地生产力恢复, 但对羊草植株个体、种群和群落有何影响尚不清楚。为此, 该研究选取畜禽草耦合样地(LP)、围封打草样地(GM)和传统牛羊放牧样地(CS)开展了对比实验, 结果表明, LP中土壤NO₃^--N含量是GM和CS的2.5-3倍, 土壤速效磷含量是GM的2倍以上, 是CS的6倍以上。土壤养分含量的增加显著改善了羊草植株个体性状和种群特征。LP中羊草叶片的叶绿素含量、比叶面积、氮含量、磷含量等均显著高于GM和CS。LP中羊草种群的重要值在监测的第一年较GM和CS显著升高了29.7%和173.2%; 叶面积指数达到了3.4以上, 而GM在1.0上下, CS则维持在0.2左右; 种群地上生物量在监测的第二年增加到了(431.5 ± 45.3) g·m^-2, 是GM的1.6倍、CS的9倍。羊草种群的发展促进了植物群落的正向演替, LP群落盖度达到90%以上, GM维持在60%左右, CS则维持在40%左右; LP中群落地上生物量则在监测的第二年提高到(597.6 ± 61.3) g·m^-2, 接近GM的2倍、CS的3倍。畜禽草耦合草地利用过程中, 在植物生长季节牧鸡为草地施入的鸡粪有效改善了土壤养分亏缺的状况, 促进了羊草个体的生长和发育, 提高了羊草种群的重要值, 增加了植物群落的盖度和地上生物量, 从而促进退化羊草草地的近自然恢复。

关键词: 畜禽草耦合, 草原牧鸡, 羊草, 群落演替, 植物种群

Abstract:

Aims The grassland dominated by Leymus chinensisis one of the most important grassland types in northern China, providing important ecosystem service functions. However, due to long-term irrational utilization, the nutrients in the ecosystem stay in a state where outputs exceed inputs, leading to widespread degradation of the current Leymus chinensis grassland. The degradation affects its ecological and production functions. Previous studies have shown that the coupling of livestock and poultry can promote the restoration of degraded grasslands. This study aims to clarify the impacts of the coupling of livestock and poultry on L. chinensis at the individual, population and community scales.

Methods This study compared the differences in the individual traits, population and community characteristics of L. chinensis in livestock and poultry coupled plots (LP), grass mowing plots (GM), and traditional cattle and sheep grazing plots (CS).

Important findings The results showed that the soil NO- 3-N content in LP was 2.5 to 3 times higher than in GM and CS, and the soil available phosphorus content was more than 2 times that of GM and more than 6 times that of CS. The increase in soil nutrients content significantly improved the individual traits and population characteristics of L. chinensis. The chlorophyll content, specific leaf area, nitrogen content and phosphorus content of L. chinensis leaves in LP were significantly higher than those in GM and CS. The important values of the L. chinensis population in LP significantly increased by 29.7% and 173.2% compared to GM and CS in the first year, respectively. The leaf area index of L. chinensis population in LP reached above 3.4, while GM remained around 1.0 and CS remained around 0.2. The aboveground biomass of L. chinensis population in LP increased to (431.5 ± 45.3) g·m^-2 in the second year, which was 1.6 times that of GM and 9 times that of CS. The development of the L. chinensis population promoted positive communities’ succession, with plant cover in LP reaching over 90%, significantly higher than GM (around 60%) and CS (approximately 40%). The aboveground biomass of the plant community in LP increased to (597.6 ± 61.3) g·m^-2 in the second year, close to twice that of GM and 3 times that of CS. Under the utilization of coupling livestock and poultry, chickens fertilize the degraded grassland with manure during the plant growing seasons, which promotes the individual growth and development of L. chinensis, thereby increasing the important value of the L. chinensis population, as well as enhancing plant community coverage and aboveground biomass, ultimately leading the degraded L. chinensis grasslands toward near-natural recovery.

Key words: livestock-poultry-grassland systems, chicken farming in grassland, Leymus chinensis, community succession, plant population

许宏, 苏华, 李永庚, 苏本营, 杨景成, 李玉强, 王正文. 畜禽草耦合模式探索——不同土地利用方式对中国北方草地羊草植物群落的影响. 植物生态学报, 2025, 49(1): 211-220. DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2024.0093

XU Hong, SU Hua, LI Yong-Geng, SU Ben-Ying, YANG Jing-Cheng, LI Yu-Qiang, WANG Zheng-Wen. Exploration of livestock-poultry-grassland systems: the influence of different land use types on the grassland dominated by Leymus chinensis in northern China. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 2025, 49(1): 211-220. DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2024.0093

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链接本文: https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/10.17521/cjpe.2024.0093

https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/Y2025/V49/I1/211

图/表 8

图1 畜禽草耦合(LP)、围封打草(GM)和牛羊放牧(CS)样地中羊草叶片的叶绿素a含量(A)、叶绿素b含量(B)、比叶面积(SLA) (C)、碳含量(D)、氮含量(E)和磷含量(F)的比较(平均值±标准差)。不同小写字母代表不同土地利用方式间差异显著(p < 0.05)。

Fig. 1 Comparison of the chlorophyll a (Chl a) content (A), chlorophyll b (Chl b) content (B), specific leaf area (SLA) (C), carbon (Cleaf) content (D), nitrogen (Nleaf) content (E) and phosphorus (Pleaf) content (F) in the leaves of Leymus chinensis in livestock-poultry-grassland coupling plots (LP), grassland-mowing plots (GM) and cattle and sheep grazing plots (CS) (mean ± SD). Different lowercase letters indicate significant difference among different land use types (p < 0.05).

表1 三种不同土地利用方式(畜禽草耦合、围封打草和牛羊放牧)、调查年份(2019和2020年)及二者交互间差异显著性水平的F检验

Table 1 F value and the significance level of differences among the three different land use types (livestock-poultry-grassland coupling plots (LP), grassland-mowing plots (GM), cattle and sheep grazing plots (CS)), two years (2019 and 2020) and their interaction effects

调查项目 Item	指标 Index	处理 Treatment	年份 Year	处理×年份 Treatment × year
羊草植株 Leymus chinensis individual	叶绿素a含量 Chl a content	150.00^*	1.05	4.06
	叶绿素b含量 Chl b content	23.84^*	0.79	1.36
	比叶面积 SLA	8.85^*	2.07	0.09
	叶片碳含量 C_leaf content	1.38	0.86	0.56
	叶片氮含量 N_leaf content	57.36^*	24.81^*	6.11^*
	叶片磷含量 P_leaf content	113.99^*	0.06	5.72^*
羊草种群 L. chinensis population	重要值 IV	147.07^*	17.38^*	12.52^*
	叶面积指数 LAI	153.51^*	45.40^*	11.73^*
	地上生物量 PAB	269.09^*	55.67^*	10.31^*
羊草群落 L. chinensis community	物种数量 Species number	8.19^*	0.89	5.04^*
	盖度 Coverage	197.99^*	4.85^*	2.74
	地上生物量 CAB	368.51^*	49.73^*	2.56
土壤性状 Soil property	pH	2.12	1.17	0.39
	含水量 SWC	0.25	0.06	1.60
	硝态氮含量 NO- 3-N content	49.90^*	0.16	0.32
	铵态氮含量 NH+ 4-N content	5.42^*	17.63^*	3.41
	速效磷含量 SAP content	48.03^*	30.46^*	4.20^*

图2 畜禽草耦合(LP)、围封打草(GM)和牛羊放牧(CS)中羊草种群的重要值(A)、叶面积指数(B)和地上生物量(C)的比较(平均值±标准差)。不同小写字母代表不同土地利用方式间差异显著(p < 0.05)。

Fig. 2 Comparison of the important values (IV) (A), leaf area index (LAI) (B) and aboveground biomass (PAB) (C) of Leymus chinensis population in livestock-poultry-grassland coupling plots (LP), grassland-mowing plots (GM) and cattle and sheep grazing plots (CS) (mean ± SD). Different lowercase letters indicate significant difference among different land use types (p < 0.05).

图3 畜禽草耦合(LP)、围封打草(GM)和牛羊放牧(CS)中植物群落物种丰富度(A)、盖度(B)和地上生物量(C)的比较(平均值±标准差)。不同小写字母代表不同土地利用方式间差异显著(p < 0.05)。

Fig. 3 Comparison of the species richness (A), coverage (B) and aboveground biomass (CAB) (C) of plant communities in livestock-poultry-grassland coupling plots (LP), grassland-mowing plots (GM) and cattle and sheep grazing plots (CS) (mean ± SD). Different lowercase letters indicate significant difference among different land use types (p < 0.05).

图4 畜禽草耦合(LP)、围封打草(GM)和牛羊放牧(CS)中土壤pH (A)和土壤含水量(B)的比较(平均值±标准差)。相同小写字母代表不同土地利用方式间差异不显著(p > 0.05)。

Fig. 4 Comparison of soil pH (A) and soil water content (SWC) (B) in livestock-poultry-grassland coupling plots (LP), grassland-mowing plots (GM) and cattle and sheep grazing plots (CS) (mean ± SD). Same lowercase letters indicate non-significant difference among different land use types (p > 0.05).

图5 畜禽草耦合(LP)、围封打草(GM)和牛羊放牧(CS)中土壤硝态氮含量(A)、铵态氮含量(B)和速效磷含量(C)的比较(平均值±标准差)。不同小写字母代表不同土地利用方式间差异显著(p < 0.05)。

Fig. 5 Comparison of soil NO3--N content (A), soil NH4+-N content (B) and soil available phosphorus (SAP) content (C) in livestock-poultry-grassland coupling plots (LP), grassland-mowing plots (GM) and cattle and sheep grazing plots (CS) (mean ± SD). Different lowercase letters indicate significant difference among different land use types (p < 0.05).

表2 羊草植物群落特征和羊草种群特征的相关性分析

Table 2 Correlation analysis between plant community characteristics and population characteristics of Leymus chinensis

指标 Index		羊草种群 L. chinensis population
指标 Index		重要值 IV	叶面积指数 LAI	地上生物量 PAB
羊草植物群落 L. chinensis community	物种丰富度 Species richness	-0.54^*	-0.09	-0.16
	盖度 Coverage	0.87^*	0.93^*	0.82^*
	地上生物量 CAB	0.82^*	0.91^*	0.95^*

表3 羊草种群特征及植株个体性状与土壤性状间的相关性分析

Table 3 Correlation analysis between population characteristics of Leymus chinensis and soil properties

指标 Index		pH	含水量 SWC	硝态氮含量 NO- 3-N content	铵态氮含量 NH+ 4-N content	速效磷含量 SAP content
羊草种群 L. chinensis population	地上生物量 PAB	-0.22	0.09	0.62^**	-0.02	0.66^**
	叶面积指数 LAI	-0.15	0.13	0.85^**	0.16	0.84^**
	重要值 IV	-0.26	0.16	0.59^**	0.28	0.75^**
羊草植株 L. chinensis individual	叶绿素a含量 Chl a content	-0.19	0.05	0.87^**	0.14	0.85^**
	叶绿素b含量 Chl b content	-0.27	0.18	0.54^*	0.15	0.71^**
	比叶面积 SLA	-0.18	0.15	0.61^**	0.24	0.64^**
	叶片碳含量 C_leaf content	0.27	-0.01	-0.28	0.09	-0.30
	叶片氮含量 N_leaf content	-0.10	0.08	0.81^**	0.08	0.79^**
	叶片磷含量 P_leaf content	-0.22	0.01	0.79^**	0.29	0.90^**

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畜禽草耦合模式探索——不同土地利用方式对中国北方草地羊草植物群落的影响

Exploration of livestock-poultry-grassland systems: the influence of different land use types on the grassland dominated by Leymus chinensis in northern China

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