额济纳荒漠绿洲植物群落的数量分类及其与地下水环境的关系分析

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1258.2011.00480

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

为了科学地评价和预测生态输水对额济纳荒漠绿洲天然植被的影响, 亟需掌握额济纳荒漠绿洲的植物群落类型, 建立植被-环境因子的响应关系。该研究对额济纳荒漠绿洲的植物群落展开调查, 获取植物群落特征、分布状况及地下水环境数据, 应用双向指示种分析方法(TWINSPAN)对群落进行分类, 采用无偏对应分析(DCA)、无偏典范对应分析(DCCA)方法对群落进行排序, 得出额济纳荒漠绿洲主要植物群落类型, 以及影响植被类型变化和分布的地下水环境因子。研究结果表明: (1)采用TWINSPAN数量分类方法, 将植被划分为芦苇+杂类草(Ass. Phragmites australis + herbs)、胡杨-红柳+杂类草(Ass. Populus euphratica-Tamarix ramosissima + herbs)、沙枣-红柳+杂类草(Ass. Elaeagnus angustifolia-Tamarix ramosissima + herbs)、红柳-杂类草(Ass. Tamarix ramosissima-herbs)、花花柴-白刺+沙蒿+沙拐枣(Ass. Karelinia caspica-Nitraria tangutorum + Artemisia sp. + Calligonum sp.)、麻黄-红砂+白刺+骆驼刺(Ephedra przewalskii-Reaumuria soongorica + Nitraria tangutorum + Alhagi sparsifolia)等6个主要植物群丛; (2)对于额济纳荒漠绿洲这一特定的研究区域, 制约群落类型、植被分布格局的主要地下水因子为地下水埋深; (3)对群落产生显著影响的地下水环境因子主要有地下水埋深、pH、盐分、矿化度、电导率、HCO₃^-等6个变量。DCCA排序图明显反映出排序轴的生态意义, 第1轴突出反映了群落所在环境的地下水埋深, 沿第1轴从右到左, 地下水埋深逐渐增大, 群落的盐分及矿化度亦呈明显的增加趋势, 群丛依次从类型I到VI逐渐演变。额济纳三角洲作为干旱区的荒漠绿洲, 有着明显的特点: 植物群落组成的生物多样性趋于贫乏化和单一化, 生态结构简单, 植被稀疏, 种类单一, 群落覆盖度较低, 群落格局分异明显。地下水埋深变化是群落物种及类型变化的主要原因。

缩写: DCA, 无偏对应分析; DCCA, 无偏典范对应分析; Dep, 地下水埋深; EC, 电导率; IV, 重要值; PCA, 主成分分析; RDA, 冗余分析; SAL, 盐分; TDS, 矿化度; TWINSPAN, 双向指示种分析方法。

关键词: 无偏典范对应分析, 无偏对应分析, 额济纳荒漠绿洲, 地下水环境, 植物群落, 双向指示种分析

Abstract:

Aims Ejin Desert Oasis is a typical arid oasis in the Hexi corridor of northwestern and northern China. Water resources in the area have changed since 2000. Our objective was to classify the plant community types and determine the relationship between vegetation and environmental factors in order to evaluate the influence of water regulation on vegetation in this region.

Methods We obtained data on 29 plant species from 151 study plots of natural vegetation of the Ejin Desert Oasis and classified the plant communities by two-way indicators species analysis (TWINSPAN) and correlated them with six groundwater environmental variables using detrended correspondence analysis (DCA) and detrended canonical correspondence analysis (DCCA) ordinations.

Important findings Six plant associations were identified. The main factor correlated to their distribution was groundwater depth, which had more influence on the distribution of plant species and vegetation than other variables because change of groundwater depth leads to changes in both salinity and mineralization. The first ordination axis was correlated with the gradient of groundwater depth, and the second axis was correlated with pH. Compared with other areas, the scarcity of plant species and the differentiation of plant communities were obvious.

Key words: detrended canonical correspondence analysis, detrended correspondence analysis, Ejin Desert Oasis, groundwater environment, plant community, two-way indicators species analysis

朱军涛, 于静洁, 王平, 王志勇. 额济纳荒漠绿洲植物群落的数量分类及其与地下水环境的关系分析. 植物生态学报, 2011, 35(5): 480-489. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1258.2011.00480

ZHU Jun-Tao, YU Jing-Jie, WANG Ping, WANG Zhi-Yong. Quantitative classification and analysis of relationships between plant communities and their groundwater environment in the Ejin Desert Oasis of China. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 2011, 35(5): 480-489. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1258.2011.00480

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链接本文: https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/10.3724/SP.J.1258.2011.00480

https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/Y2011/V35/I5/480

图/表 8

图1 额济纳荒漠绿洲植物样地的布设。

Fig. 1 Distribution of plant plots in Ejin Desert Oasis.

图2 额济纳荒漠绿洲植物群落的双向指示种(TWINSPAN)分类结果。S1, 花花柴; S2, 红柳; S3, 白刺; S4, 沙蒿; S5, 苦豆子; S6, 红砂; S7, 麻黄; S8, 沙拐枣; S9, 骆驼刺; S10, 芨芨草; S11, 小花棘豆; S12, 猪毛菜; S13, 雾冰藜; S14, 胡杨; S15, 甘草; S16, 沙枣; S17, 芦苇; S18, 赖草; S19, 拂子茅; S20, 碱草。

Fig. 2 Two-way indicators species analysis (TWINSPAN) classification results of plant communities in Ejin Desert Oasis. S1, Karelinia caspica; S2, Tamarix ramosissima; S3, Nitraria tangutorum; S4, Artemisia sp.; S5, Sophora alopecuroides; S6, Reaumuria soongorica; S7, Ephedra przewalskii; S8, Calligonum sp.; S9, Alhagi sparsifolia; S10, Achnatherum splendens; S11, Oxytropis glabra; S12, Salsola collina; S13, Bassia dasyphylla; S14, Populus euphratica; S15, Glycyrrhiza uralensis; S16, Elaeagnus angustifolia; S17, Phragmites communis; S18, Leymus secalinus; S19, Calamagrostis epigeios; S20, Elymus breviaristatus.

图3 额济纳荒漠绿洲植物群落31个样地(151个样方)的双向指示种(TWINSPAN)分类树状图。D, 样地分组; N, 样地数。I, 芦苇+杂类草; II, 胡杨-红柳+杂类草; III, 沙枣-红柳+杂类草; IV, 红柳-杂类草; V, 花花柴-白刺+沙蒿+沙拐枣; VI, 麻黄-红砂+白刺+骆驼刺。

Fig. 3 Dendrogram of two-way indicators species analysis (TWINSPAN) classification of 31 plots (151 quadrats) plant communities in Ejin Desert Oasis. D, division of plots; N, number of plots. I, Ass. Phragmites australis + herbs; II, Ass. Populus euphratica-Tamarix ramosissima + herbs; III, Ass. Elaeagnus angustifolia-Tamarix ramosissima + herbs; IV, Ass. Tamarix ramosissima-herbs; V, Ass. Karelinia caspica-Nitraria tangutorum + Artemisia sp. + Calligonum sp.; VI, Ass. Ephedra przewalskii-Reaumuria soongorica + Nitraria tangutorum + Alhagi sparsifolia.

图4 额济纳荒漠绿洲31个样地的无偏对应分析二维排序图。1-31是样地编号。I, 芦苇+杂类草; II, 胡杨-红柳+杂类草; III, 沙枣-红柳+杂类草; IV, 红柳-杂类草; V, 花花柴-白刺+沙蒿+沙拐枣; VI, 麻黄-红砂+白刺+骆驼刺。

Fig. 4 Two-dimensional detrended correspondence analysis (DCA) ordination diagram of 31 plots in Ejin Desert Oasis. 1-31 represent plot codes. I, Ass. Phragmites australis + herbs; II, Ass. Populus euphratica-Tamarix ramosissima + herbs; III, Ass. Elaeagnus angustifolia-Tamarix ramosissima + herbs; IV, Ass. Tamarix ramosissima-herbs; V, Ass. Karelinia caspica- Nitraria tangutorum + Artemisia sp. + Calligonum sp.; VI, Ass. Ephedra przewalskii-Reaumuria soongorica + Nitraria tangutorum + Alhagi sparsifolia.

图5 额济纳荒漠绿洲主要植物种的无偏对应分析二维排序图。S1, 花花柴; S2, 红柳; S3, 白刺; S6, 红砂; S7, 麻黄; S8, 沙拐枣; S10, 芨芨草; S14, 胡杨; S16, 沙枣; S17, 芦苇。

Fig. 5 Two-dimensional detrended correspondence analysis (DCA) ordination diagram of the main plant species in Ejin Desert Oasis. S1, Karelinia caspica; S2, Tamarix ramosissima; S3, Nitraria tangutorum; S6, Reaumuria soongorica; S7, Ephedra przewalskii; S8, Calligonum sp.; S10, Achnatherum splendens; S14, Populus euphratica; S16, Elaeagnus angustifolia; S17, Phragmites communis.

表1 前向选择中各变量的边际影响和条件影响

Table 1 Marginal and conditional effects of each variable obtained from the forward selection

边际影响 Marginal effects		条件影响 Conditional effects		p值 p value	r值 r value	F值 F value
环境因子 Environment factor	特征值Eigenvalue	环境因子 Environment factor	特征值 Eigenvalue	p值 p value	r值 r value	F值 F value
地下水埋深 Groundwater depth	0.86	地下水埋深 Groundwater depth	0.86	0.002^**	0.27	8.49
盐分 Salinity	0.85	pH	0.71	0.002^**	0.23	8.12
矿化度 Total dissolved solids	0.79	盐分 Salinity	0.35	0.002^**	0.11	3.15
电导率 Electric conductivity	0.78	矿化度 Total dissolved solids	0.31	0.005^**	0.06	3.41
pH	0.75	电导率 Electric conductivity	0.27	0.036^*	0.06	1.58
HCO₃^-	0.64	HCO₃^-	0.18	0.032^*	0.05	1.98
SO₄^2-	0.64	Ca²⁺	0.12	0.226		1.29
Na⁺	0.61	Na⁺	0.11	0.318		1.13
Ca²⁺	0.52	SO₄^2-	0.08	0.284		1.23
Mg²⁺	0.35	Cl^-	0.08	0.698		0.62
Cl^-	0.18	Mg²⁺	0.07	0.682		0.67
K⁺	0.07	K⁺	0.06	0.716		0.64

图6 额济纳荒漠绿洲31个样地的无偏典范对应分析二维排序图。Dep, 地下水埋深; EC, 电导率; SAL, 盐分; TDS, 矿化度。1-31是样地编号。I, 芦苇+杂类草; II, 胡杨-红柳+杂类草; III, 沙枣-红柳+杂类草; IV, 红柳-杂类草; V, 花花柴-白刺+沙蒿+沙拐枣; VI, 麻黄-红砂+白刺+骆驼刺。

Fig. 6 Two-dimensional detrended canonical correspondence analysis (DCCA) ordination diagram of 31 plots in Ejin Desert Oasis. Dep, groundwater depth; EC, electric conductivity; SAL, salinity; TDS, total dissolved solids. 1-31 represent plot codes. I, Ass. Phragmites australis + herbs; II, Ass. Populus euphratica-Tamarix ramosissima + herbs; III, Ass. Elaeagnus angustifolia-Tamarix ramosissima + herbs; IV, Ass. Tamarix ramosissima-herbs; V, Ass. Karelinia caspica-Nitraria tangutorum + Artemisia sp. + Calligonum sp.; VI, Ass. Ephedra przewalskii-Reaumuria soongorica + Nitraria tangutorum + Alhagi sparsifolia.

表2 各群丛环境代理变量的变化特征

Table 2 Variation characteristics of environmental proxy variables of each association

群丛类型 Association type	地下水埋深 Groundwater depth (m)	pH值 pH value	盐分 Salinity (%)	矿化度 Total dissolved solids (mg·L^-1)	电导率 Electric conductivity (μs·cm^-1)	HCO₃^- (mg·L^-1)
I	1.10-1.85	7.22-7.42	1.32-1.65	583.15-753.85	635.72-894.25	114.37-146.52
II	2.28-3.56	7.38-7.80	1.80-2.52	947.64-1385.37	856.21-1285.36	173.85-233.42
III	2.33-4.25	7.32-7.65	1.75-2.30	665.42-1063.55	774.55-1095.36	135.25-196.73
IV	2.81-5.15	7.46-7.90	2.41-3.25	1223.58-1745.26	1130.83-2216.15	201.36-347.70
V	3.32-5.54	7.55-8.25	3.15-3.87	1574.54-2512.75	1578.86-2653.24	279.09-382.15
VI	4.25-6.86	7.64-9.29	3.70-5.15	1885.35-3643.71	2156.33-3497.56	315.48-457.50

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