白马雪山阳坡林线方枝柏种群的生态特征

doi:10.17521/cjpe.2007.0108

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

方枝柏(Sabina saltuaria)是青藏高原特有林线树种。对白马雪山阳坡海拔4 390 m以上林线0.42 hm²样地方枝柏种群进行每木调查,分析了种群结构、数量动态及空间分布格局。结果表明:1)在种群生物学特征、环境因子及人为干扰等综合影响下,林线区方枝柏幼苗数量非常少。幼树在种群中占了很大比重,种群个体数随径级的增加而逐渐减少,密度为成年树>幼树>幼苗;2)种群存活曲线介于Deevey-Ⅱ型和Deevey-Ⅲ型之间,种群结构更接近稳定型。死亡率曲线和消失率曲线都在龄级Ⅲ出现一个高峰,可能是由于方枝柏处于青壮年期,个体对营养空间的需求不断增大,对空间、光照和养分等生存因子的激烈竞争引起的自疏过程,导致死亡率有所上升;3)方枝柏种群各龄级的空间格局基本上是聚集型,随龄级增加,聚集尺度和强度都增加;各龄级关系密切,都呈显著正相关,其中幼苗和成年树的相关性最强,幼苗和幼树相关性最弱。林线方枝柏种群空间分布格局是种群生物学特性、环境条件及人为干扰等因素共同作用的结果,这种格局有利于整个种群的生存和发展,也是高山生态系统恶劣生境中种群的一种适应对策。该研究采用森林罗盘仪与测距仪相结合进行每木定位的方法,准确度高且大大降低工作强度,是高海拔区恶劣条件下开展类似工作的推荐之法。研究结果也再次体现了空间点格局分析方法在格局研究中的有效性和优越性。

关键词: 种群结构, 特定时间生命表, 生存分析, 空间点格局, 高山林线

Abstract:

Aims Alpine timberlines are ecotones highly sensitive to disturbances and environmental changes that have become a major focus of global climate change research. Sabina saltuaria is an endemic timberline tree in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. It occurs mainly on south-facing slopes and may be useful in ecological restoration of the high-altitude ecosystem. Understanding its ecological characteristics is necessary for understanding its adaptation strategies, as well as the causes and dynamics of timberline patterns in the region.

Methods We established one 0.42 hm² sample plot at timberline >4 390 m on the south-facing slope of Baima Snow Mountain, Northwest Yunnan Province. We recorded height, DBH (diameter at breast height) or diameter at base for seedlings and saplings, and location of each individual. We used a compass and electronic distance-measuring tool to record the location of each individual. We analyzed the size and DBH structure, time-specific life table, survivorship rate, mortality and hazard rate, spatial point pattern of individuals in each age-class and the co-relationships between different age classes.

Important findings Few seedlings occur at timberline in the area of our field survey (about 17 ind·hm^-2, only 1/6 and 1/14 of that of saplings and trees, respectively). Densities declined from trees to saplings to seedlings, and the number of individuals decreased gradually with greater DBH. The survivorship curve was between Deevy type Ⅱ and Ⅲ. The mortality rate curve was similar to the hazard rate curve; both exhibited a peak of mortality at 6-9 cm DBH). Spatial point pattern analysis indicated that most individuals of different age classes had a clumped distribution at different scales (the older the trees, the more aggregative the distribution pattern); however, seedlings had a random distribution at the scale of <14 m. Also the relationships among individuals in different age classes were all significantly correlated with each other. The associations were more significant between seedlings and trees.

Key words: population structure, time-specific life table, survival analysis, spatial point pattern, alpine timberline

张桥英, 张运春, 罗鹏, 王乾, 吴宁. 白马雪山阳坡林线方枝柏种群的生态特征. 植物生态学报, 2007, 31(5): 857-864. DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2007.0108

ZHANG Qiao-Ying, ZHANG Yun-Chun, LUO Peng, WANG Qian, WU Ning. ECOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF A SABINA SALTUARIA POPULATION AT TIMBERLINE ON THE SOUTH-FACING SLOPE OF BAIMA SNOW MOUNTAIN, SOUTHWEST CHINA. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 2007, 31(5): 857-864. DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2007.0108

导出引用管理器 EndNote|Ris|BibTeX

链接本文: https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/10.17521/cjpe.2007.0108

https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/Y2007/V31/I5/857

图/表 8

表1 白马雪山阳坡林线方枝柏种群研究地点的特征

Table 1 The habitat characteristics of Sabina saltuaria at timberline of south-facing slope in the Baima Snow Mountain

海拔 Altitude (m)	样地大小 Plot size (m²)		郁闭度 Canopy coverage			坡向 Aspect		坡度 Slope			土壤类型 Soil type		土壤pH值 Soil pH			土壤有机质 Organic mass in soil (g·kg^-1)
4 394	4 200		0.2			235		28			山地棕壤 Mountain brown soil		4.97~6.24			74.2~86.3

图1 白马雪山阳坡方枝柏林线种群径级结构图

Fig.1 Histogram of DBH classes of Sabina saltuaria population at timberline of south-facing slope in Baima Snow Mountain, Yunnan Province

表2 白马雪山阳坡林线方枝柏种群特定时间生命表

Table 2 The time-specific life table of Sabina saltuaria at timberline of south-facing slope in Baima Snow Mountain

龄级 Age class	径级 DBH class (cm)	x	Δ_x	a_x	l_x	d_x	q_x	L_x	T_x	e_x	S_x	K_x
Ⅰ	0~3	1.5	3	48	1 000.00	229.17	0.23	885.42	2 500.00	2.50	0.77	0.26
Ⅱ	3~6	4.5	3	37	770.83	187.50	0.24	677.08	1 614.58	2.09	0.76	0.28
Ⅲ	6~9	7.5	3	28	583.33	270.83	0.46	447.92	937.50	1.61	0.54	0.62
Ⅳ	9~12	10.5	3	15	312.50	104.17	0.33	260.42	489.58	1.57	0.67	0.41
Ⅴ	12~15	13.5	3	10	208.33	104.17	0.50	156.25	229.17	1.10	0.50	0.69
Ⅵ	15~18	16.5	3	5	104.17	83.33	0.80	62.50	72.92	0.70	0.20	1.61
Ⅶ	18~21	19.5	3	1	20.83	20.83	1.00	10.42	10.42	0.50	0.00	1.00

图2 白马雪山阳坡林线方枝柏种群存活曲线

Fig.2 Survival curve of Sabina saltuaria population at timberline of south-facing slope in the Baima Snow Mountain, Yunnan Province

图3 白马雪山阳坡林线方枝柏种群死亡率(qx)曲线及消失率(Kx)曲线

Fig.3 Mortality rate (qx) and hazard rate (Kx) of Sabina saltuaria population at timberline in the Baima Snow Mountain, Yunnan Province

图4 方枝柏各龄级个体在样方中的分布点图 a. 幼苗 Seedlings b. 幼树 Saplings c. 成年树 Trees

Fig.4 Point pattern of individuals for different age classes of Sabina saltuaria

图5 方枝柏各龄级点格局分析结果图 a、b、c: 见图4 See Fig. 4

Fig.5 Point pattern analysis for three age classes of Sabina saltuaria at timberline of Baima Snow Mountain

图6 方枝柏各龄级间关系的点格局分析 a、b、c: 见图4 See Fig. 4

Fig.6 Point pattern analysis of paired age-class associations of Sabina saltuaria at timberline of Baima Snow Mountain

参考文献 26

[1]	Benecke U, Havranek WM (1980). Gas-exchange of trees at altitudes up to timberline. In: Benecke U, Davis MReds. Mountain Environments and Subalpine Tree Growth. New Zealand Forest Research Institute Technical Paper, New Zealand, 70,195-212.
[2]	Chen WN (陈文年), Wu N (吴宁), Luo P (罗鹏) (2003). Species diversity and arbor population distribution pattern of Sabina przewalskii community in the forest-grassland ecotone in the watershed of upper Minjiang River. Chinese Journal of Applied and Environmental Biology (应用与环境生物学报), 9,221-225. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[3]	Cheng W (程伟), Luo P (罗鹏), Wu N (吴宁) (2005a). Ecological characteristics of Minjiang fir (Abies faxoniana) population near timberline on upper Minjiang River. Chinese Journal of Applied and Environmental Biology (应用与环境生物学报), 11,300-303. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[4]	Cheng W (程伟), Wu N (吴宁), Luo P (罗鹏) (2005b). Survival analysis of Abies faxoniana population near timberline on the upper Minjiang River. Acta Phytoecologica Sinica (植物生态学报), 29,349-353. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[5]	Condit R, Ashton PS, Baker P, Bunyavejchewin S, Gunatilleke S, Gunatilleke N, Hubbell SP, Foster RB, Itoh A, LaFrankie JV, Lee HS, Losos E, Manokaran N, Sukumar R, Yamakura T (2000). Spatial patterns in the distribution of tropical tree species. Science, 288,1414-1418. URL PMID
[6]	Dale MRT (1999). Spatial Patterns Analysis in Plant Ecology. Cambridge University Press , Cambridge.
[7]	Editorial Committee of Vegetation of China (中国植被编辑委员会) (1980). Vegetation of China (中国植被). Science Press, Beijing,209-210. (in Chinese)
[8]	Editorial Committee of Vegetation of Sichuan (四川植被协作组) (1980). Vegetation of Sichuan (四川植被). Sichuan People's Press, Chengdu. (in Chinese)
[9]	Forestry Department of Yunnan Province (云南省林业厅) (2003). Baima Snow Mountain National Nature Reserve (白马雪山国家级自然保护区). Yunnan Minority Press, Kunming, 7. (in Chinese)
[10]	Frost I, Rydin H (2000). Spatial pattern and size distribution of the animal-dispersed Quercus rubur in two spruce-dominated forests. Ecoscience, 7,38-44.
[11]	Getis A, Franklin J (1987). Second-order neighborhood analysis of mapped point patterns. Ecology, 68,473-477.
[12]	Greig-Smith P (1983). Quantitative Plant Ecology. Blackwell, London,21-36.
[13]	James JC, Grace J, Hoad SP (1994). Growth and photosynthesis of Pinus sylvestris at its altitudinal in Scotland. Journal of Ecology, 82,297-306.
[14]	Jiang H (江洪) (1992). Population Ecology of Spruce (云杉种群生态学). China Forestry Publishing House, Beijing,8-32. (in Chinese)
[15]	Kørner C (1998). A re-assessment of high elevation treeline positions and their explanation. Oecologia, 115,445-459. URL PMID
[16]	Kørner C (1999). Alpine Plant Life—Functional Plant of Ecology of High Mountain Ecosystem. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg.
[17]	Lloyd AH, Graumlich LJ (1997). Holocene dynamics of treeline forests in the Sierra Nevada. Ecology, 78,1199-1210.
[18]	Matthew JG, William SK, Catherine RA (2002). Conifer seedling distribution and survival in an alpine- treeline ecotone. Plant Ecology, 162,157-168.
[19]	Shen ZH (沈泽昊), Fang JY (方精云), Liu ZL (刘增力), Wu J (伍杰) (2001). Structure and dynamics of Abies fabri population near the alpine timberline in Hailuo Clough of Gongga Mountain. Acta Botanica Sinica (植物学报), 43,1288-1293. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[20]	Tranquillini W (1979). Physiological Ecology of Alpine Timberline. Springer-Verlag, Berlin,1-2.
[21]	Wu N (吴宁), Liu ZG (刘照光) (1998). Probing into the causes of geographical pattern of subalpine vegetation on the eastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. Chinese Journal of Applied and Environmental Biology (应用与环境生物学报), 4,290-297. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[22]	Xu XH (徐学红), Yu MJ (于明坚), Hu ZH (胡正华), Li MH (李铭红), Zhang FG (张方钢) (2005). The structure and dynamics of Castanopsis eyrei population in Gutian Mountain Natural Reserve in Zhejiang, East China. Acta Ecologica Sinica (生态学报), 25,645-653. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[23]	Yan GQ (闫桂琴), Zhao GF (赵桂仿), Hu ZH (胡正海), Yue M (岳明) (2001). Population structure and dynamics of Larix chinensis in Qinling Mountain. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报), 12,824-828. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[24]	Zhang JT (张金屯) (1998). Analysis of spatial point pattern for plant species. Acta Phytoecologica Sinica (植物生态学报), 22,344-349. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[25]	Zhang JT (张金屯), Meng DP (孟东平) (2004). Spatial pattern analysis of individuals in different age-class of Larix principis-rupprechtii in Luya Mountain Reserve, Shanxi, China. Acta Ecologica Sinica (生态学报), 24,35-40. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[26]	Zhao CM (赵常明), Chen QH (陈庆恒), Qiao YK (乔永康), Pan KW (潘开文) (2004). Structure and spatial pattern of a natural Abies faxoniana population on the eastern edge of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. Acta Phytoecologica Sinica (植物生态学报), 28,341-350. (in Chinese with English abstract)