海南岛霸王岭热带天然林景观格局与动态

doi:10.3773/j.issn.1005-264x.2009.06.003

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

热带森林是陆地上物种最丰富和结构最复杂的森林生态系统, 同时也是受景观破碎化影响而生物多样性丧失最严重的植被类型。在对海南岛霸王岭热带天然林进行公里网格样方调查的基础上, 采用栅格途径及统计方法对三期遥感影像数据进行了景观格局和动态规律分析。结果表明: 霸王岭热带天然林景观由4个处于不同恢复阶段的林分斑块(I、II、III和IV)组成; 在1986~1998年, 除林分斑块IV外, 大多数斑块类型都发生了显著的变化, 而在1998~2002年, 大多数斑块类型变化不显著。在1986~2002年, 大多数斑块类型破碎化趋势明显, 表现为斑块数、边缘密度持续增加, 以及斑块平均大小和核心区面积不断减小; 恢复较早期阶段的次生林(I、II和III)与恢复较后期林分(IV)之间的距离显著相关。随着与IV距离的增加, 恢复时间短的次生林所占比例逐渐增加。

关键词: 动态, 景观格局, 空间关系, 热带森林, 海南岛

Abstract:

Aims Effective protection of tropical forest requires understanding changes in landscape pattern during the forest recovery process. Our aims were to 1) examine forest recovery dynamics and landscape pattern change and 2) explore the impact of proximity of mature forest fragments on secondary succession.
Methods We investigated 135 sample plots in a natural tropical forest landscape of Bawangling, Hainan Island, China. Three Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) imageries from 1986, 1998 and 2002 were used along with a grid-based approach and statistical methods to analyze forest recovery dynamics and landscape pattern change. The spatial relationship between mature forest fragments and different successional stage forests was analyzed by buffer analysis and Chi-square analysis.
Important findings There were four forest patch types based on stage of recovery. Between 1986 and 1998, the proportion of all patch types except late-successional forest changed significantly; however, between 1998 and 2002 most of the patch types were little changed, indicating that deforestation decreased. From 1998 to 2002, the number of patches and edge density increased and mean patch size and core area decreased in most patch types, indicating that fragmentation of the study region increased. The distribution of secondary forest was significantly correlated with proximity to late-successional forest, because the proportion of young secondary forest gradually increased with greater distance from late-successional forest. This suggests that proximity of late-successional forest facilitates forest recovery following human disturbance.

Key words: dynamics, landscape pattern, spatial relationship, tropical forest, Hainan Island

张志东, 臧润国. 海南岛霸王岭热带天然林景观格局与动态. 植物生态学报, 2009, 33(6): 1034-1043. DOI: 10.3773/j.issn.1005-264x.2009.06.003

ZHANG Zhi-Dong, ZANG Run-Guo. LANDSCAPE PATTERN AND DYNAMICS IN A NATURAL TROPICAL FOREST OF BAWANGLING, HAINAN ISLAND, CHINA. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 2009, 33(6): 1034-1043. DOI: 10.3773/j.issn.1005-264x.2009.06.003

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https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/Y2009/V33/I6/1034

图/表 8

图1 海南岛霸王岭热带森林景观1986年、1998年和2002年分类图 I: 恢复<10 a次生林 Secondary forest (<10 years) II: 恢复11~20 a次生林 Secondary forest (11-20 years) III: 恢复21~35 a次生林 Secondary forest (21-35 years) IV: 恢复>36 a次生林 Secondary forest (>36 years) GR: 灌草地 Shrub-grass land MP: 人工林 Man-made forest OT: 其他 Others

Fig. 1 Classified maps of 1986, 1998 and 2002 in the tropical forest landscape of Bawangling, Hainan Island

图2 1986年、1998年和2002年霸王岭热带林景观各斑块类型的面积比例 I、II、III、IV、GR、MF、OT: 同图1 See Fig. 1

Fig. 2 Proportion of area per patch type of Bawangling tropical forest landscape in 1986, 1998 and 2002

图3 霸王岭热带林景观1986~1998年和1998~2002年各斑块类型的面积变化 I、II、III、IV、GR、MF、OT: 同图1 See Fig. 1

Fig. 3 Area percentage change per patch type of Bawangling tropical forest landscape in the years between 1986 and 1998 and between 1998 and 2002

表1 霸王岭热带林景观1986~1998年和1998~2002年间各斑块类型变化的Mann-Whitney U检验

Table 1 Mann-Whitney U-test for each patch type in Bawangling tropical forest landscape during the study periods 1986-1998 and 1998-2002, respectively

斑块类型 Patch type	1986~1998		1998~2002
恢复<10 a次生林 Secondary forest (<10 years) (I)	0.000	***	0.622	NS
恢复11~20 a次生林 Secondary forest (11-20 years) (II)	0.002	**	0.089	NS
恢复21~35 a次生林 Secondary forest (21-35 years) (III)	0.000	***	0.089	NS
恢复>36 a次生林 Secondary forest (>36 years) (IV)	0.460	NS	0.545	NS
灌草地 Shrub-grass land (GR)	0.010	**	0.259	NS
人工林 Man-made forest (MP)	0.000	***	0.078	NS
其他 Others (OT)	0.000	***	0.000	***

表2 霸王岭热带林景观1986年和1998年与1998年和2002年间各斑块类型之间的转化矩阵

Table 2 Transition matrix of patch types change from 1986 to 1998 and 1998 to 2002 in Bawangling tropical forest landscape

1986	1998
1986	I	II	III	IV	GR	MF	OT
I	80.84	14.97	0.00	0.00	4.19	0.00	0.00
II	15.08	72.01	12.07	0.00	0.83	0.00	0.00
III	9.31	18.35	66.02	5.07	1.25	0.00	0.00
IV	0.00	2.40	7.87	89.73	0.00	0.00	0.00
GR	5.33	1.98	0.00	0.00	68.36	19.82	4.51
MF	4.49	0.00	0.00	0.00	4.60	89.17	1.75
OT	1.28	0.00	0.00	0.00	19.85	28.30	45.84
1998	2002
1998	I	II	III	IV	GR	MF	OT
I	88.71	5.15	0.00	0.00	3.90	1.56	0.69
II	2.78	86.39	6.76	0.00	1.53	0.70	1.85
III	1.65	0.42	90.39	6.52	0.95	0.00	0.05
IV	0.00	4.04	5.44	90.25	0.27	0.00	0.00
GR	1.49	0.00	0.00	0.00	85.21	8.11	5.19
MF	0.28	0.03	0.00	0.00	4.91	92.19	2.59
OT	0.93	0.00	0.00	0.00	1.82	7.58	89.67

图4 1986年、1998和2002年霸王岭热带林景观各斑块类型的景观格局变化 I、II、III、IV、GR、MF、OT: 同图1 See Fig. 1

Fig. 4 Landscape pattern changes per patch type of Bawangling tropical forest landscape in 1986, 1998 and 2002

表3 1986年、1998年和2002年霸王岭热带林景观不同时期聚集度指数(AI)、Shannon多样性指数(SHDI)、 Shannon均匀度指数(SHEI)和Simpson均匀度指数(SIEI)的比较

Table 3 Comparisons of aggregation index (AI), Shannon diversity index (SHDI), Shannon and Simpson’s evenness index (SHEI and SIEI, respectively) for Bawangling tropical forest landscape in 1986, 1998 and 2002

年份 Year	AI	SHDI	SHEI	SIEI
1986	79.55	1.73	0.89	0.92
1998	76.82	1.78	0.91	0.95
2002	66.62	1.82	0.94	0.96

图5 霸王岭热带林景观中在距较后期恢复林(IV)片段不同距离上次生林(I、II和III)面积比例 I、II、III: 同图1 See Fig. 1

Fig. 5 Proportion of area of secondary forest (I, II and III) with different distances from patches of late-successional forest (IV) in Bawangling tropical forest landscape

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