新疆特有濒危植物雪白睡莲繁殖生物学研究

doi:10.17521/cjpe.2024.0405

植物生态学报 ›› 2025, Vol. 49 ›› Issue (10): 1643-1655.DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2024.0405

新疆特有濒危植物雪白睡莲繁殖生物学研究

周鑫宇¹^,², 刘会良¹^,³^,⁴^,^*(), 高贝¹^,³, 卢妤婷¹, 陶玲庆¹, 文晓虎¹, 张岚¹^,², 张元明¹

¹干旱区生态安全与可持续发展全国重点实验室, 中国科学院新疆生态与地理研究所, 乌鲁木齐 830011
²中国科学院大学, 北京 100049
³新疆抗逆植物基因资源保育与利用重点实验室, 中国科学院新疆生态与地理研究所, 乌鲁木齐 830011
⁴天山野果林生态系统新疆野外科学观测研究站, 伊犁植物园, 中国科学院新疆生态与地理研究所, 新疆新源 835800

收稿日期:2024-11-07 接受日期:2025-04-08 出版日期:2025-10-20 发布日期:2025-11-20
通讯作者: *刘会良(liuhuiliang@ms.xjb.ac.cn)
基金资助:
新疆维吾尔自治区天山英才项目(2023TSYCCX0082)

Reproductive biology of endangered and endemic species Nymphaea candida in Xinjiang, China

ZHOU Xin-Yu¹^,², LIU Hui-Liang¹^,³^,⁴^,^*(), GAO Bei¹^,³, LU Yu-Ting¹, TAO Ling-Qing¹, WEN Xiao-Hu¹, ZHANG Lan¹^,², ZHANG Yuan-Ming¹

¹State Key Laboratory of Ecological Safety and Sustainable Development in Arid Lands, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ürümqi 830011, China
²University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
³Xinjiang Key Lab of Conservation and Utilization of Plant Gene Resource, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ürümqi 830011, China
⁴Xinjiang Field Scientific Observation Research Station of Tianshan Wild Fruit Forest Ecosystem, Yili Botanical Garden, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xinyuan, Xinjiang 835800, China

Received:2024-11-07 Accepted:2025-04-08 Online:2025-10-20 Published:2025-11-20
Supported by:
Tianshan Talent Program of the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region(2023TSYCCX0082)

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 雪白睡莲(Nymphaea candida)是中国新疆特有的国家II级重点保护野生植物, 面临濒危风险, 亟须保护。该研究以雪白睡莲自然种群为研究对象, 系统研究了其开花物候、花部形态、繁育系统、传粉过程及种子萌发特性, 从繁殖生物学角度探讨其濒危原因。结果表明, 雪白睡莲的花部结构呈现原始特征, 属于标准两性花。其花在5-9月间持续开放, 单花花期约4天, 柱头的可授性较短, 仅为1-2天。传粉者以食蚜蝇科昆虫为主, 访花频率低且易受阴雨天气影响。实验表明, 雪白睡莲繁育系统为以异交为主、具自交亲和性的混合交配系统。雪白睡莲种子活力为(45.33 ± 4.29)%, 自然状态下受到种皮障碍限制, 萌发率低, 仅为(2.67 ± 1.63)%。雪白睡莲在花部特征、传粉过程及种子萌发上均存在繁殖限制, 主要包括有限的传粉者数量、访花频率及种子活力。此外, 环境因素(如阴雨天气)导致传粉限制。在传粉不稳定的环境中, 雪白睡莲倾向选择自交策略, 可能引发近交衰退, 从而加剧濒危风险。

关键词: 濒危植物, 雪白睡莲, 开花物候, 繁育系统, 传粉, 种子萌发, 濒危因素

Abstract:

Aims Nymphaea candida, an endangered species endemic to Xinjiang and classified as a National Class II Protected Wild Plant in China, faces a high risk of extinction, necessitating immediate conservation measures. This study aims to reveal its reproductive characteristics and explore factors associated with its endangered status from a reproductive biology perspective.
Methods This study systematically examined the flowering phenology, floral morphology, breeding system, pollination process, and seed germination characteristics of N. candida in natural populations.
Important findings The flowering period spanned from May to September, with individual flowers persisting for approximately 4 d, while stigmatic receptivity was limited to 1-2 d. Pollinators were primarily hoverflies (Syrphidae), but their visitation rates were low and further reduced by adverse weather conditions. Experimental data indicated a mixed breeding system in N. candida, predominantly outcrossing but self-compatible, with pollinator dependency for successful reproduction. Seed viability was determined to be (45.33 ± 4.29)%, yet germination rates under natural conditions were significantly lower (2.67 ± 1.63)% due to physical dormancy imposed by seed coat barriers. Reproductive limitations in N. candida arose from its floral traits, pollination challenges (e.g., limited pollinator availability and low visitation rates), and low seed viability. Environmental stressors (e.g., frequent rainfall) exacerbated pollination constraints. In unpredictable pollination environments, N. candida relied on autonomous self-pollination, which may result in inbreeding depression, thereby escalating its endangerment risk.

Key words: endangered species, Nymphaea candida, flowering phenology, breeding system, pollination, seed germination, endangerment factor

周鑫宇, 刘会良, 高贝, 卢妤婷, 陶玲庆, 文晓虎, 张岚, 张元明. 新疆特有濒危植物雪白睡莲繁殖生物学研究. 植物生态学报, 2025, 49(10): 1643-1655. DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2024.0405

ZHOU Xin-Yu, LIU Hui-Liang, GAO Bei, LU Yu-Ting, TAO Ling-Qing, WEN Xiao-Hu, ZHANG Lan, ZHANG Yuan-Ming. Reproductive biology of endangered and endemic species Nymphaea candida in Xinjiang, China. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 2025, 49(10): 1643-1655. DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2024.0405

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图/表 8

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花部参数 Flower parameter	平均值(±标准误) Average value (± SE)	最大值 Maximum	最小值 Minimum
花冠直径 Corolla diameter (mm)	102.24 ± 9.23	123.26	89.14
花冠口直径 Corolla mouth diameter (mm)	30.73 ± 2.79	37.32	25.44
萼片长度 Sepal length (mm)	51.72 ± 3.95	60.08	40.48
萼片宽度 Sepal width (mm)	17.01 ± 1.30	19.66	14.63
花瓣长度 Petal length (mm)	49.90 ± 3.59	58.28	39.96
花瓣宽度 Petal width (mm)	17.66 ± 1.33	19.66	14.47
外层雄蕊长度 Outer stamen length (mm)	24.12 ± 1.74	26.97	20.15
外层雄蕊花药长度 Outer stamen anther length (mm)	5.03 ± 0.67	6.24	3.29
中层雄蕊长度 Middle stamen length (mm)	27.77 ± 1.68	29.56	23.17
中层雄蕊花药长度 Middle stamen anther length (mm)	9.92 ± 0.78	11.37	8.08
内层雄蕊长度 Inner stamen length (mm)	17.57 ± 1.62	19.56	13.54
内层雄蕊花药长度 Inner stamen anther length (mm)	7.13 ± 0.76	7.97	5.90
花柱长度 Flower column length (mm)	12.28 ± 1.73	15.18	10.05
子房宽度 Ovary width (mm)	12.17 ± 1.49	15.37	10.49

花部参数 Flower parameter	平均值(±标准误) Average value (± SE)	最大值 Maximum	最小值 Minimum
花冠直径 Corolla diameter (mm)	102.24 ± 9.23	123.26	89.14
花冠口直径 Corolla mouth diameter (mm)	30.73 ± 2.79	37.32	25.44
萼片长度 Sepal length (mm)	51.72 ± 3.95	60.08	40.48
萼片宽度 Sepal width (mm)	17.01 ± 1.30	19.66	14.63
花瓣长度 Petal length (mm)	49.90 ± 3.59	58.28	39.96
花瓣宽度 Petal width (mm)	17.66 ± 1.33	19.66	14.47
外层雄蕊长度 Outer stamen length (mm)	24.12 ± 1.74	26.97	20.15
外层雄蕊花药长度 Outer stamen anther length (mm)	5.03 ± 0.67	6.24	3.29
中层雄蕊长度 Middle stamen length (mm)	27.77 ± 1.68	29.56	23.17
中层雄蕊花药长度 Middle stamen anther length (mm)	9.92 ± 0.78	11.37	8.08
内层雄蕊长度 Inner stamen length (mm)	17.57 ± 1.62	19.56	13.54
内层雄蕊花药长度 Inner stamen anther length (mm)	7.13 ± 0.76	7.97	5.90
花柱长度 Flower column length (mm)	12.28 ± 1.73	15.18	10.05
子房宽度 Ovary width (mm)	12.17 ± 1.49	15.37	10.49

开花时间 Flower time (d)	花粉活力 Pollen viability (%)	柱头可授性 Stigma receptivity	柱头形状 Stigma shape
开花1天 Flowering 1 d	0	++	竖立 Erect
开花2天 Flowering 2 d	89.68	+/-	竖立 Erect
开花3天 Flowering 3 d	88.02	-	竖立、内扣 Erect, incurved
开花4天 Flowering 4 d	86.98	-	内扣 Incurved

开花时间 Flower time (d)	花粉活力 Pollen viability (%)	柱头可授性 Stigma receptivity	柱头形状 Stigma shape
开花1天 Flowering 1 d	0	++	竖立 Erect
开花2天 Flowering 2 d	89.68	+/-	竖立 Erect
开花3天 Flowering 3 d	88.02	-	竖立、内扣 Erect, incurved
开花4天 Flowering 4 d	86.98	-	内扣 Incurved

处理 Treatment	授粉花数 Flower number	结实数 Fruit number	结实率 Seed-set ratio (%)
自然对照 Natural control	15	7	46.67
自然自花授粉 Natural self-pollination	10	4	40.00
自然异花授粉 Natural cross-pollination	10	3	30.00
同株异花授粉 Cross-pollination in one plant	10	7	70.00
异株异花授粉 Cross-pollination in different plant	10	8	80.00
无融合授粉 No fusion pollination	10	0	0.00

新疆特有濒危植物雪白睡莲繁殖生物学研究

Reproductive biology of endangered and endemic species Nymphaea candida in Xinjiang, China

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