林火对兴安落叶松根际与非根际土壤微生物群落的影响

doi:10.17521/cjpe.2024.0380

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 在北方森林生态系统中, 林火与土壤微生物及其相互作用对土壤环境具有显著影响。根际土壤微生物群落是对环境变化最敏感的生物指标之一, 了解根际和非根际土壤微生物群落结构变化, 对于深入理解北方森林生态系统的土壤环境稳定性具有重要意义。该研究以中国北方森林代表性树种兴安落叶松(Larix gmelinii)根际土壤为研究对象, 使用ITS和16S rRNA高通量测序技术检测真菌和细菌群落, 探讨林火对土壤微生物群落动态的影响。结果表明: (1)林火显著降低土壤有机碳含量(根际土壤减少40.0%, 非根际土壤减少15.7%)、全氮含量(根际土壤减少51.3%, 非根际土壤减少38.9%)以及β-1,4-葡萄糖苷酶活性(根际土壤降低83.4%, 非根际土壤降低72.7%)、β-1,4-N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖苷酶活性(根际土壤降低54.6%), 而溶解性无机氮含量在火后显著增加(根际土壤增加21.1%, 非根际土壤增加431.8%)。(2)火后根际与非根际土壤真菌香农维纳指数显著降低(根际土壤降低12.2%, 非根际土壤降低13.7%); 细菌香农维纳指数显著升高(根际土壤升高8.8%, 非根际土壤升高10.2%); β多样性分析也显示根际与非根际土壤真菌和细菌群落结构存在显著差异。(3)冗余分析表明土壤有机碳含量、全氮含量、溶解性有机碳含量、溶解性无机氮含量、β-1,4-葡萄糖苷酶活性、β-1,4-N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖苷酶活性是影响火后根际与非根际土壤真菌和细菌群落结构的主要因子, 结构方程模型的结果进一步揭示了林火对土壤性质、酶活性与土壤真菌和细菌群落结构的直接和间接影响。该研究有助于了解林火对大兴安岭林区土壤微生物群落结构的影响, 对于火后生态恢复以及采取相应的保护和管理措施具有重要意义。

关键词: 林火, 土壤微生物群落, 根际土壤, 兴安落叶松, 微生物多样性

Abstract:

Aims Forest fires and soil microorganisms, along with their interactions, play a crucial role in shaping the soil environment in boreal forest ecosystems. The rhizosphere soil microbial community, recognised as one of the most sensitive bioindicators to environmental changes, offers critical insights into the stability of soil ecosystems. A comprehensive assessment of soil environmental stability in boreal forests necessitates a thorough understanding of the structural changes occurring in both rhizosphere and bulk soil microbial communities.
Methods This study focused on the rhizosphere soil of Larix gmelinii, a dominant tree species in the forests of northern China. The analysis of fungal and bacterial communities was conducted using ITS and 16S rRNA high-throughput sequencing technologies to investigate the effect of forest fires on the dynamics of soil microbial communities.
Important findings (1) Forest fires significantly reduced soil organic carbon content (decreased by 40.0% in rhizosphere soil and 15.7% in bulk soil), total nitrogen content (decreased by 51.3% in rhizosphere soil and 38.9% in bulk soil), as well as the activity of β-1,4-glucosidase (decreased by 83.4% in rhizosphere soil and 72.7% in bulk soil) and β-1,4-N-acetylglucosamine glucosidase activity (decreased by 54.6% in rhizosphere soil and 13.4% in bulk soil), while dissolved inorganic nitrogen content increased significantly after the fire (increased by 21.1% in rhizosphere soil and 431.8% in bulk soil). (2) After fire, a significant decrease was observed in the Shannon Wiener index of fungi in the rhizosphere and bulk soils (decreased by 12.2% and 13.7%, respectively). Concurrently, a significant increase was observed in the Shannon-Wiener index of bacteria (increased by 8.8% and 10.2%, respectively). Further analysis revealed significant differences in the β-diversity of community structures of fungal and bacterial analysis between the rhizosphere and bulk soils. (3) Redundancy analysis shows that soil organic carbon, total nitrogen, dissolved organic carbon, dissolved inorganic nitrogen content, β-1,4-glucosidase activity, and β-1,4-N-acetylglucosamine activity are the primary factors influencing the composition of the fungal and bacterial community in the rhizosphere and bulk soils following fire. Structural equation modeling further elucidates the direct and indirect effects of forest fires on soil properties, enzyme activities, and microbial community structures. This study offers a valuable insight into the alterations in soil microbial community structure within the Da Hinggan Ling forest region after fire events, which is of great significance for the post-fire ecological restoration and the implementation of suitable protective and management measures.

Key words: forest fire, soil microbial community, rhizosphere soil, Larix gmelinii, microbial diversity

胡同欣, 石林, 窦旭, 于澄, 韩宇, 孙龙. 林火对兴安落叶松根际与非根际土壤微生物群落的影响. 植物生态学报, 2025, 49(10): 1755-1766. DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2024.0380

HU Tong-Xin, SHI Lin, DOU Xu, YU Cheng, HAN Yu, SUN Long. Effects of forest fires on rhizosphere and bulk soil microbial communities of Larix gmelinii. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 2025, 49(10): 1755-1766. DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2024.0380

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链接本文: https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/10.17521/cjpe.2024.0380

https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/Y2025/V49/I10/1755

图/表 7

表1 林火对大兴安岭兴安落叶松林根际和非根际土壤性质的影响(平均值±标准差)

Table 1 Impact of forest fires on the properties of rhizosphere and bulk soils of Larix gmelinii forest in Da Hinggan Ling (mean ± SD)

处理 Treatment	土壤有机碳含量 SOC content (g·kg^-1)	土壤全氮含量 TN content (g·kg^-1)	碳氮比 C:N	溶解性有机碳含量 DOC content (mg·kg^-1)	溶解性无机氮含量 DIN content (mg·kg^-1)
CR	115.76 ± 5.09	79.31 ± 6.21	1.47 ± 0.16	92.36 ± 13.79	119.78 ± 39.32
FR	69.42 ± 5.07	38.63 ± 4.43	1.81 ± 0.19	83.24 ± 23.99	145.02 ± 40.31
CB	66.93 ± 6.82	55.38 ± 4.95	1.20 ± 0.13	88.46 ± 34.42	33.90 ± 11.25
FB	56.39 ± 5.17	33.83 ± 2.71	1.67 ± 0.12	91.04 ± 30.66	180.28 ± 51.56
土壤区 Soil zone¹⁾	367.69^***	110.07^***	20.53^***	0.06^ns	5.17^*
处理 Treat²⁾	310.79^***	516.14^***	81.76^**	0.18^ns	59.34^***
土壤区 × 处理 Soil zone × Treat	123.11^***	48.72^***	1.72^ns	0.57^ns	29.57^***

表2 林火对根际和非根际土壤酶活性的影响(平均值±标准差)

Table 2 Impact of forest fires on enzyme activity in rhizosphere and bulk soils (mean ± SD)

酶活性 Enzyme activity	β-1,4-葡萄糖苷酶 BG (μmol·g^-1·min^-1)	β-1,4-N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖苷酶 NAG (μmol·g^-1·min^-1)	酸性磷酸酶 AP (μmol·g^-1·min^-1)
CR	117.32 ± 35.42	71.43 ± 13.45	185.20 ± 62.56
FR	19.52 ± 5.13	32.44 ± 12.45	130.92 ± 75.98
CB	41.43 ± 22.49	29.91 ± 14.36	135.85 ± 78.90
FB	11.31 ± 4.90	33.81 ± 11.90	113.16 ± 75.64
土壤区 Soil zone¹⁾	46.85^***	28.30^***	2.50^ns
处理 Treat²⁾	108.43^***	21.61^***	3.29^ns
土壤区 × 处理 Soil zone × Treat	30.35^***	32.31^***	0.55^ns

图1 不同处理间土壤真菌和细菌α多样性(用Shannon指数来衡量) (平均值±标准差)。CB, 未火烧非根际土; CR, 未火烧根际土; FB, 火烧非根际土; FR, 火烧根际土。***, p < 0.001; ns, 无显著差异。

Fig. 1 Soil fungal and bacterial alpha diversity between different treatments (measured by Shannon index) (mean ± SD). CB, unburned bulk soil; CR, unburned rhizosphere soil; FB, burned bulk soil; FR, burned rhizosphere soil. ***, p < 0.001; ns, no significant difference.

图2 不同处理间土壤微生物运算分类单元(OTU)水平主坐标轴分析(PCoA)。A, 真菌群落β多样性, R2 = 0.90, p = 0.001; B, 细菌群落β多样性, R2 = 0.90, p = 0.001。CB, 未火烧非根际土; CR, 未火烧根际土; FB, 火烧非根际土; FR, 火烧根际土。使用ANOSIM法进行组间差异检验, 置换次数为999次。

Fig. 2 Principal Co-ordinate Axisanalysis (PCoA) of operational taxonomic units (OTU) level of soil microorganisms between different treatments. A, β diversity of fungal communities, R2 = 0.90, p = 0.001. B, β diversity of bacterial communities, R2 = 0.90, p = 0.001. CB, unburned bulk soil; CR, unburned rhizosphere soil; FB, burned bulk soil; FR, burned rhizosphere soil. Perform inter group difference test using ANOSIM method with 999 permutations.

图3 不同处理土壤微生物群落运算分类单元(OTU)分布韦恩图。A, 真菌。B, 细菌。CB, 未火烧非根际土; CR, 未火烧根际土; FB, 火烧非根际土; FR, 火烧根际土。

Fig. 3 Wayne diagram of operational taxonomic units (OTU) distribution in soil microbial communities under different treatments. A, Fungi. B, Bacteria. CB, unburned bulk soil; CR, unburned rhizosphere soil; FB, burned bulk soil; FR, burned rhizosphere soil.

图4 运算分类单元(OTU)水平微生物群落组成和土壤性质的冗余分析(RDA)。A, 真菌群落。B, 细菌群落。BG, β-1,4-葡萄糖苷酶活性; DIN, 溶解性无机氮含量; DOC, 溶解性有机碳含量; NAG, β-1,4-N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖苷酶活性; SOC, 土壤有机碳含量; TN, 土壤全氮含量。

Fig. 4 Redundancy analysis (RDA) of operational taxonomic units (OTU) level microbial community composition and soil properties. A, Fungal community. B, Bacterial community. BG, β-1,4-glucosidase activity; DIN, dissolved inorganic nitrogen content; DOC, dissolved organic carbon content; NAG, β-1,4-N-acetylglucosamine glucosidase activity; SOC, soil organic carbon content; TN, total nitrogen content in soil.

图5 土壤有机碳含量(SOC)、全氮含量(TN)、溶解性有机碳含量(DOC)、溶解性无机氮含量(DIN)、β-1,4-葡萄糖苷酶活性(BG)、β-1,4-N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖苷酶活性(NAG)对土壤微生物多样性(Shannon指数)的直接与间接影响的结构方程模型(SEM)。A, 对照真菌多样性, χ² = 0.34, p = 0.56。B, 火烧真菌多样性, χ² = 0.61, p = 0.43。C, 对照细菌多样性, χ² = 0.12, p = 0.73。D, 火烧细菌多样性, χ² = 2.61, p = 0.11。实线代表显著路径(*, p < 0.05; **, p < 0.01; ***, p < 0.001), 虚线代表不显著路径(p > 0.05)。

Fig. 5 Structural equation model (SEM) of soil organic carbon content (SOC), total nitrogen content (TN), dissolved organic carbon content (DOC), dissolved inorganic nitrogen content (DIN), β-1,4-glucosidase activity (BG), and β-1,4-N-acetylglucosamine glucosidase activity (NAG) on soil microbial diversity (Shannon index). A, Diversity of unburned fungi, χ² = 0.34, p = 0.56. B, Diversity of burned fungi, χ² = 0.61, p = 0.43. C, Diversity of unburned bacteria, χ² = 0.12, p = 0.73. D, Diversity of burned bacteria, χ² = 2.61, p = 0.11. The solid line represents the significant path (*, p < 0.05; **, p < 0.01; ***, p <0.001), while the dashed line represents the insignificant path (p > 0.05).

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