模拟硫酸型、硝酸型及其混合型酸雨对油菜生理特性、生长和产量的影响

doi:10.3773/j.issn.1005-264x.2010.04.008

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

为了了解我国酸雨污染由硫酸型向硫-硝酸复合型转变所引起的环境效应, 以油菜(Brassica napus)为供试材料, 在大田试验条件下, 系统研究了模拟硫酸型(SAR)、硝酸型(NAR)及其混合型 (MAR) 酸雨对农作物生理特性、生长和产量的影响。结果表明, 3种酸雨胁迫均能抑制油菜生理、生长和产量形成, 但不同类型的酸雨间的抑制效应存在差异。当pH ≤ 4.1时, SAR、NAR、MAR能破坏油菜叶质膜系统、降低光合色素含量及光合速率, 从而抑制作物的光合作用; 当pH ≤ 3.1时, 油菜叶面积减小, 叶受害百分率明显增加。pH = 4.1可作为酸雨对油菜产量的影响阈值。在pH = 7.0-1.5的酸度范围内, 油菜叶片膜透性、丙二醛含量、叶受害百分率表现为NAR > MAR > SAR, 光合速率、光合色素含量、叶面积及产量则表现出SAR > MAR > NAR的变化特征。当pH > 4.1时, 3种酸雨处理间差异均不明显, pH ≤ 3.1时, 3种酸雨间的胁迫效应差异显著增加(p < 0.05), 且酸度越强, 差异越大, 其变化趋势为NAR > MAR > SAR。说明NAR和MAR胁迫对油菜生理、生长及产量的抑制较大。

关键词: 酸雨, 油菜, 生长, 生理特性, 胁迫, 产量

Abstract:

Aims Our objective was to investigate the effect of sulfur acid rain (SAR), nitric acid rain (NAR) and their mixture (MAR) on the physiology, growth and yield of the crop rape (Brassica napus).

Methods Fifteen 4 m × 5 m plots were distributed stochastically for exploring SAR, NAR and MAR stress, with a roughly 0.6 m spacing between plots to avoid interference. We used three replicate treatments of pH = 7.0, 1.5, 3.1, 4.1 and 5.1 and examined growth and development at 5-day intervals from budding to the end of flowering (March 10 to April 25, 2006). On April 12 for the peak period of flowering, we measured leaf cell membrane permeability, contents of malondialdehyde (MDA) and photosynthesis pigment in leaves, photosynthesis speed, leaf injury rate and leaf area as physiological and growth parameters. On May 10, we measured the yield index during the ripening stage.

Important findings These kinds of acid rains can inhibit physiology, growth and yield with effects differing among treatments. At pH ≤ 4.1, SAR, NAR and MAR damage the membrane of rape leaves, decreasing photosynthetic pigment content and photosynthetic speed, thereby diminishing photosynthesis of the crop. For pH ≤3.1, leaf area is decreased and the leaf injury rate increases greatly. The value of pH = 4.1 can be used as the threshold for impact on rape yield. Over the range of pH = 1.5-7.0, leaf membrane permeability, MDA content and leaf injury rate follow the pattern of NAR > MAR > SAR and for the photosynthetic speed, content of photosynthesis pigment, leaf area and yield the order is SAR > MAR > NAR. At pH > 4.1, the differences between these treatments of acid rain are insignificant. For pH ≤ 3.1, the stress differences become large (p < 0.05), with greater differences at stronger acidities, following the pattern NAR > MAR > SAR. This indicates the first two treatments have stronger inhibiting effects on the physiology, growth and yield of rape.

Key words: acid rain, Brassica napus, growth, physiological characteristics, stress, yield

麦博儒, 郑有飞, 吴荣军, 梁骏, 刘霞. 模拟硫酸型、硝酸型及其混合型酸雨对油菜生理特性、生长和产量的影响. 植物生态学报, 2010, 34(4): 427-437. DOI: 10.3773/j.issn.1005-264x.2010.04.008

MAI Bo-Ru, ZHENG You-Fei, WU Rong-Jun, LIANG Jun, LIU Xia. Effects of simulated sulfur-rich, nitric-rich and mixed acid rain on the physiology, growth and yield of rape (Brassica napus). Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 2010, 34(4): 427-437. DOI: 10.3773/j.issn.1005-264x.2010.04.008

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链接本文: https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/10.3773/j.issn.1005-264x.2010.04.008

https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/Y2010/V34/I4/427

图/表 11

表1 土壤基本理化性状

Table 1 Physical and chemical properties of the tested soil

pH	有机质 OM (g·kg^-1)	全氮 TN (g·kg^-1)	全磷 TP (g·kg^-1)	全钾 TK (g·kg^-1)	速效磷 AP (mg·kg^-1)	交换性铝 EAl (mg·kg^-1)	交换性锰 EMn (mg·kg^-1)	阳离子交换量 CEC (cmol(+)·kg^-1)
5.54	57.02	2.03	0.89	18.58	13.44	10.36	16.45	24.12

表2 模拟混合酸雨溶液pH值及主要离子浓度

Table 2 pH and main ion concentrations of the mixed simulated acid rain (μmol·L-1)

pH	SO₄^2-	NO₃^-	Cl^-	F^-	Ca²⁺	NH₄⁺	Mg²⁺	K⁺	Na⁺
1.5	206.84	41.37	78.54	0.71	24.36	16.63	4.31	4.15	1.60
3.1	150.10	30.02	38.00	0.35	11.43	8.04	2.08	2.01	0.77
4.1	91.79	18.36	28.73	0.26	8.65	6.08	1.58	1.52	0.58
5.1	35.68	7.14	23.10	0.21	5.86	5.50	1.52	1.45	0.47
7.0 (CK)	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00

图1 SAR、MAR和NAR对油菜叶细胞质膜透性的影响。图中误差线表示标准偏差。不同小写字母表示在相同pH条件下不同模拟酸雨处理间的差异显著性(p < 0.05)。*和**分别表示各处理与对照(CK, pH = 7.0)差异显著(p < 0.05)和极显著(p < 0.01)。MAR, 混合型酸雨; NAR, 硝酸型酸雨; SAR, 硫酸型酸雨。

Fig. 1 Effects of SAR, MAR and NAR on the leaf cell membrane permeability of Brassica napus. Error bars show SD. Different small letters indicate that NAR, MAR and SAR treatments are significantly different at p < 0.05. * and ** indicate values that differ significantly from control (pH = 7.0) at p < 0.05 and p < 0.01, respectively. MAR, mixed acid rain; NAR, nitric acid rain; SAR, sulphur acid rain.

图2 SAR、MAR和NAR对油菜叶丙二醛(MDA)含量的影响。图注同图1。

Fig. 2 Effects of SAR, MAR and NAR on malondialdehyde (MDA) contents of Brassica napus. Notes see Fig. 1.

图3 SAR、MAR和NAR对油菜光合速率的影响。图注同图1。

Fig. 3 Effects of SAR, MAR and NAR on photosynthetic rate of Brassica napus. Notes see Fig. 1.

表3 3种不同类型模拟酸雨对油菜叶光合色素的影响(平均值±标准偏差)

Table 3 Effects of three different simulated rain types on the leaf photosynthetic pigment contents of Brassica napus (mean ± SD)

酸雨处理 Acid rain treatment	叶绿素a Chl a (mg·g^-1FW)	叶绿素b Chl b (mg·g^-1FW)	叶绿素总量 Total Chl (mg·g^-1FW)	叶绿素a/叶绿素b Chl a/Chl b
硫酸型模拟酸雨 Sulphur-rich simulated acid rain
pH = 1.5	0.678 ± 0.040^cC	0.297 ± 0.005^cC	0.975 ± 0.045^cC	2.279
pH = 3.1	0.903 ± 0.039^bB	0.328 ± 0.010^bB	1.231 ± 0.047^bB	2.753
pH = 4.1	0.966 ± 0.047^abAB	0.350 ± 0.008^aA	1.316 ± 0.054^abAB	2.757
pH = 5.1	1.028 ± 0.045^aA	0.356 ± 0.004^aA	1.384 ± 0.042^aA	2.891
pH = 7.0 (CK)	1.039 ± 0.091^aA	0.361 ± 0.016^aA	1.400 ± 0.090^aA	2.878
混合型模拟酸雨 Mixed simulated acid rain
pH = 1.5	0.594 ± 0.034^dC	0.286 ± 0.018^cC	0.880 ± 0.046^dC	2.074
pH = 3.1	0.854 ± 0.40^cB	0.318 ± 0.013^bB	1.172 ± 0.053^cB	2.689
pH = 4.1	0.951 ± 0.032^bA	0.348 ± 0.014^aA	1.299 ± 0.039^bA	2.729
pH = 5.1	1.001 ± 0.035^abA	0.352 ± 0.014^aA	1.353 ± 0.048^abA	2.840
pH = 7.0 (CK)	1.039 ± 0.075^aA	0.361 ± 0.006^aA	1.400 ± 0.072^aA	2.878
硝酸型模拟酸雨 Nitric-rich simulated acid rain
pH = 1.5	0.517 ± 0.020^eD	0.278 ± 0.002^dD	0.794 ± 0.018^eE	1.861
pH = 3.1	0.834 ± 0.024^dC	0.311 ± 0.006^cC	1.145 ± 0.025^dD	2.687
pH = 4.1	0.949 ± 0.014^cB	0.346 ± 0.004^bB	1.295 ± 0.011^cC	2.744
pH = 5.1	0.999 ± 0.021^bA	0.351 ± 0.009^abAB	1.350 ± 0.019^bB	2.845
pH = 7.0 (CK)	1.039 ± 0.024^aA	0.361 ± 0.005^aA	1.400 ± 0.023^aA	2.878

表4 同酸度内SAR、MAR和NAR的显著性差异

Table 4 Significant differences of SAR, MAR and NAR in the same pH value condition

酸雨处理 Acid rain treatment		叶绿素a Ch l a (mg·g^-1FW)	叶绿素b Chl b (mg·g^-1FW)	叶绿素总量 Total Chl (mg·g^-1FW)
		p < 0.05	p < 0.05	p < 0.05
pH = 1.5	SAR	a	a	a
	MAR	b	ab	b
	NAR	c	b	c
pH = 3.1	SAR	a	a	a
	MAR	ab	ab	ab
	NAR	b	b	b
pH = 4.1	SAR	a	a	a
	MAR	a	a	a
	NAR	a	a	a
pH = 5.1	SAR	a	a	a
	MAR	a	a	a
	NAR	a	a	a
pH = 7.0 (CK)	SAR	a	a	a
	MAR	a	a	a
	NAR	a	a	a

图4 SAR、MAR和NAR对油菜叶受害百分率的影响。图注同图1。

Fig. 4 Effects of SAR, MAR and NAR on the leaf injury rate of Brassica napus. Notes see Fig. 1.

图5 SAR、MAR和NAR对油菜叶面积的影响。图注同图1。

Fig. 5 Effects of SAR, MAR and NAR on the leaf area of Brassica napus. Notes see Fig. 1.

图6 SAR、MAR和NAR对油菜生物量的影响。图注同图1。

Fig. 6 Effects of SAR, MAR and NAR on the biomass of Brassica napus. Notes see Fig. 1.

图7 SAR、MAR和NAR对油菜单株产量的影响。图注同图1。

Fig. 7 Effects of SAR, MAR and NAR on the individual plant yield of Brassica napus. Notes see Fig. 1.

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