鲁东沿海丘陵茶园防护林的小气候特征

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1258.2014.00116

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

近年来山东乳山茶业逐渐兴起, 但由于北方冬春季温度低和倒春寒频繁发生, 茶叶种植面积逐年减小。如何在低成本管理的基础上提高茶叶产量和品质, 成为乳山茶园管理的一大难题。以2007年春季采用水平梯田整地种植的茶园为试验区, 以梯田周围营造的4种网格(8 m × 80 m, 12 m × 80 m, 20 m × 80 m, 40 m × 80 m)茶园防护林为研究对象, 分别在2013年4月、8月和12月, 测定风速、空气温度、土壤温度、空气相对湿度及土壤相对湿度, 以纯茶园作为对照, 进行了小气候因子测定和分析。结果表明: (1) 4种防护林均能有效地降低茶园内风速, 调节气温、土壤温度和土壤相对湿度, 增加空气相对湿度, 为茶树生长提供适宜的生态环境; (2)由于区域水分通量和太阳辐射的季节变化, 4种防护林的小气候调节效应也表现出一定的季节性差异; (3)主成分分析结果表明, 4种茶园防护林中, 影响小气候因子的主要因素是气温和土壤温度, 其因子负荷量分别为-0.978和0.986, 但风速与气温呈极显著相关关系, 与土壤温度之间无显著线性关系, 因此, 风速也能间接地影响林内小气候; (4) 8 m × 80 m的防护林对小气候的总体调节效应优于其他3种防护林。

关键词: 湿度, 小气候, 北方茶园, 防护林, 温度, 风速

Abstract: Aims Over a year, Rushan tea is booming gradually, but due to the low temperature in winter and early spring, the areas for tea plantation has been decreasing year by year. Therefore, how to achieve a higher yield at lower cost has become a major issue in the test plantation area. The paper examined the characteristics of microclimate in four shelterbelt systems of tea garden in order to identify a suitable forest-tea system in the study area.Methods The tea plantation studied was established in the spring of 2007 with terrace soil preparations, involving four forest shelterbelt grid systems (i.e. 8 m × 80 m, 12 m × 80 m, 20 m × 80 m and 40 m × 80 m). The wind speed, air temperature, soil temperature, relative air humidity and relative soil moisture were measured in the four shelterbelt systems in April, August and December of 2013, with the tea plantation without shelterbelt as control. Important findings Firstly, the four shelterbelt systems all reduced wind speed effectively, increased air relative humidity, regulated air temperature, soil temperature and soil relative moisture, and improved ecological environment in favor of tea production. Secondly, due to the seasonal variations of regional water flux and solar radiation, the regulation effects of the four shelterbelt systems differed. Thirdly, the results of principal component analysis showed that, the main factors inducing different microclimate characteristics were the air temperature and soil temperature, with factor loads of -0.978 and 0.986, respectively. The wind speed and air temperature showed a highly significant correlation, but there was no significant linear relationship between wind speed and soil temperature, indicating that wind speed could affect the microclimate indirectly. Overall, the shelterbelt system of 8 m × 80 m is better than the other three systems in the effects of regulating microclimate.

Key words: humidity, microclimate, northern tea garden, protection forest, temperature, wind speed

杨菲,杨吉华,艾钊,张国庆,胡建朋. 鲁东沿海丘陵茶园防护林的小气候特征. 植物生态学报, 2014, 38(11): 1205-1213. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1258.2014.00116

YANG Fei,YANG Ji-Hua,AI Zhao,ZHANG Guo-Qing,HU Jian-Peng. Microclimate characteristics in shelterbelt of tea garden in coastal hilly region of eastern Shandong, China. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 2014, 38(11): 1205-1213. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1258.2014.00116

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链接本文: https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/10.3724/SP.J.1258.2014.00116

https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/Y2014/V38/I11/1205

图/表 8

图1 茶园防护林配置图。 , 黑松。 , 龙柏。 , 蜀桧。 , 樱桃。观测点。

Fig. 1 A configuration diagram of shelterbelt of tea garden. Pinus thunbergii; , Sabina chinensis; , Sabina komarovii; , Sabina komarovii; , Cerasus pseudocerasus; , observation points.

图2 茶园防护林防风效能(平均值±标准误差)。I, 8 m × 80 m; II, 12 m × 80 m; III, 20 m × 80 m; IV, 40 m × 80 m。不同的小写字母表示不同网格之间的差异显著(p < 0.05); 不同的大写字母表示不同月份之间的差异显著(p < 0.05)。

Fig. 2 Wind-break potencies of shelterbelt of tea gardens (mean ± SE). I, 8 m × 80 m; II, 12 m × 80 m; III, 20 m × 80 m; IV, 40 m × 80 m. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among shelterbelt of tea gardens (p < 0.05); different capital letters indicate significant differences among months of measurements (p < 0.05).

图3 茶园防护林空气温度调节效应(平均值±标准误差)。I, 8 m × 80 m; II, 12 m × 80 m; III, 20 m × 80 m; IV, 40 m × 80 m。不同的小写字母表示不同网格之间的差异显著(p < 0.05)。

Fig. 3 Regulation effects of air temperature in shelterbelt of tea gardens (mean ± SE). I, 8 m × 80 m; II, 12 m × 80 m; III, 20 m × 80 m; IV, 40 m × 80 m. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among shelterbelt of tea gardens (p < 0.05).

图4 茶园防护林土壤温度调节效应(平均值±标准误差)。I, 8 m × 80 m; II, 12 m × 80 m; III, 20 m × 80 m; IV, 40 m × 80 m。不同的小写字母表示不同网格之间的差异显著(p < 0.05)。

Fig. 4 Regulation effects of soil temperature in shelterbelt of tea gardens (mean ± SE). I, 8 m × 80 m; II, 12 m × 80 m; III, 20 m × 80 m; IV, 40 m × 80 m. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among shelterbelt of tea gardens (p < 0.05).

图5 茶园防护林空气相对湿度调节效应(平均值±标准误差)。I, 8 m × 80 m; II, 12 m × 80 m; III, 20 m × 80 m; IV, 40 m × 80 m。小写字母为不同网格之间的差异显著(p < 0.05)。大写字母为不同月份之间的差异显著(p < 0.05)。

Fig. 5 Regulation effects of relative air humidity in shelterbelt of tea gardens (mean ± SE). I, 8 m × 80 m; II, 12 m × 80 m; III, 20 m × 80 m; IV, 40 m × 80 m. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among shelterbelt of tea gardens (p < 0.05). Different capital letters indicate significant differences among months of measurements (p < 0.05).

图6 茶园防护林土壤相对湿度调节效应(平均值±标准误差)。I, 8 m × 80 m; II, 12 m × 80 m; III, 20 m × 80 m; IV, 40 m × 80 m。不同的小写字母表示不同网格之间的差异显著(p < 0.05)。

Fig. 6 Regulation effects of relative soil moisture in four shelterbelt of tea gardens (mean ± SE). I, 8 m × 80 m; II, 12 m × 80 m; III, 20 m × 80 m; IV, 40 m × 80 m. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among shelterbelt of tea gardens (p < 0.05).

表1 不同茶园防护林内小气候因子数据标准化矩阵

Table 1 The means matrix of microclimate factors in different shelterbelt systems

网格面积 Network area	风速 Wind speed	空气温度 Air temperature	土壤温度 Soil temperature	空气相对湿度 Relative air humidity	土壤相对湿度 Relative soil moisture
8 m × 80 m	-1.250 93	-1.181 59	1.269 18	1.112 76	1.200 96
12 m × 80 m	-0.288 68	-0.322 25	-0.152 30	0.332 68	-1.200 96
20 m × 80 m	0.481 13	0.322 25	0.050 77	-0.172 08	0.240 19
40 m × 80 m	1.058 48	1.181 59	-1.167 65	-1.273 37	-0.240 19

表2 不同茶园防护林内小气候因子的主分量和因子负荷量

Table 2 The principal component coordination and factor load values of microclimate factors in different shelterbelt systems

项目 Items	气候因子 Microclimate factors					特征根 Eigenvalue	累计贡献 Accumulative contribution
项目 Items	风速 Wind speed	空气温度 Air temperature	土壤温度 Soil temperature	空气相对湿度 Relative air humidity	土壤相对湿度 Relative soil moisture	特征根 Eigenvalue	累计贡献 Accumulative contribution
主分量1 Principal component 1	-0.233	-0.235	0.236	0.234	0.142	4.169	0.833 9
因子负荷量 Factor load value	-0.971	-0.978	0.986	0.974	0.590
主分量2 Principal component 2	0.234	0.262	0.142	-0.271	1.030	0.783	0.990 6
因子负荷量 Factor load value	0.183	0.205	0.111	-0.212	0.806

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