地形对森林群落年龄及其空间格局的影响

doi:10.17521/cjpe.2007.0103

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

地形已被广泛认为是植被环境时空异质性的重要来源,但其对山地森林群落动态的影响及其机理仍不清楚。作者在三峡大老岭选取一块200 m×100 m的常绿落叶阔叶林样地,在样地植物群落调查的同时,建立了1∶500的数字高程模型,并利用树木年轮数据和分种的胸径-年龄幂函数模型,推算了全部10 m×10 m单元样方的群落年龄。统计了样地群落的年龄结构及其代表种的构成特征,并利用多元回归结合方差分析方法分析了地形和生物因子对群落年龄结构的影响与途径。结果表明:1)幂函数模型很好地拟合了16个树种的胸径-年龄数量关系;2)样地内群落斑块的年龄介于14~179年,平均值在95年左右;3)代表样方群落年龄的树种共有24个,而前5种即在68.5%的样方中决定群落的年龄;4)回归分析表明群落年龄受到溪流影响指数、坡位、坡度、样方内受干扰木胸面积和树种生长指数等因素的显著影响。显示沟谷地表径流冲击和表土侵蚀等坡面过程带来的干扰明显影响群落发育过程的空间格局,具有不同生态习性树种的潜在年龄也限制了群落的现实年龄;5)地形主要通过控制地表干扰体系的时空分布和不同物种的选择性分布两方面而对群落动态与年龄产生影响。但由于生态格局自身的复杂性与随机性和分析方法带来的误差,使基于地形的群落年龄格局预测结果还存在较大的不确定性。

关键词: 地形, 常绿落叶阔叶混交林, 群落年龄, 空间格局, 干扰, 大老岭

Abstract:

Aims Our objective is to assess the impacts of topography, a main source of spatial and temporal environmental heterogeneity, on the dynamics of mountain forest communities.

Methods We sampled a 200 m×100 m plot of mixed evergreen broad-leaved and deciduous forest at Mt. Dalaoling in the Three Gorges Region of China using a 10 m×10 m grid. We measured the topography and set up a digitalized elevation model with resolution of 1∶500. We then took tree ring samples of 16 common tree species, fitted species specific diameter-age models and estimated community age in each of the 200 grids. Multivariate linear regression and ANOVA were applied to analyze the relationship between community age and habitat variables.

Important findings Power model successfully describes the quantitative relationship between DBH and age in all species. Community ages of the grids range from 14 to 179 years old, with a mean of 95 years old. The oldest individuals in the grids include 24 tree species, but the top 5 species make up the oldest individuals in 68.5% of the grids. Significant correlations exist between estimated community age and stream impact index, position, slope, sum of basal area of disturbed trees, and growth rate index, implying that soil erosion critically impacts community development, although species-specific potential age is a constraint of community age. We suggest that topography impacts on community age by controlling the spatial pattern of disturbance regime (by surface erosion), and habitat choice of species with diversified ecological strategies. However, our quantitative estimate of community age has considerable uncertainty due to the complexity of the object studied and the method applied.

Key words: topography, mixed evergreen broad-leaved and deciduous forests, community age, spatial pattern, disturbance, Mt. Dalaoling

胡志伟, 沈泽昊, 吕楠, 赵俊, 李道兴, 陈华, 王功芳. 地形对森林群落年龄及其空间格局的影响. 植物生态学报, 2007, 31(5): 814-824. DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2007.0103

HU Zhi-Wei, SHEN Ze-Hao, LÜ Nan, ZHAO Jun, LI Dao-Xing, CHEN Hua, WANG Gong-Fang. IMPACTS OF TOPOGRAPHY ON THE SPATIAL PATTERN OF THE AGE OF FOREST COMMUNITY. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 2007, 31(5): 814-824. DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2007.0103

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链接本文: https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/10.17521/cjpe.2007.0103

https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/Y2007/V31/I5/814

图/表 12

参考文献 35

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因子 Factor	定义 Definition	值域 Value range
海拔 Elevation (elev)	利用等高线图插值 Interpolation from contour	1 652~1 745 m
坡度 Slope angle (slop)	根据ArcGIS9.0中Spatial analysis模块的定义	5°~ 49°
水平曲率 Plan curvature (plan)	According to the algorithms in the spatial analysis module of ArcGIS9.0	-14.43~18.05
垂直曲率 Profile curvature (prof)		-12.02~12.17
坡向 Slope aspect (aspe)	根据ArcGIS9.0和Parker (1982) Follow ArcGIS9.0 and Parker (1982)	0°~ 180°
坡位 Slope position (posi)		0~100
溪流影响 Stream impact (si)	si=2: 有溪流经过 Passed by stream; si=1: 相邻8个栅格中至少1个有溪流经过 With at least one of 8 neighbors passed by stream; si=0: 其它 Others	0, 1, 2

因子 Factor	定义 Definition	值域 Value range
海拔 Elevation (elev)	利用等高线图插值 Interpolation from contour	1 652~1 745 m
坡度 Slope angle (slop)	根据ArcGIS9.0中Spatial analysis模块的定义	5°~ 49°
水平曲率 Plan curvature (plan)	According to the algorithms in the spatial analysis module of ArcGIS9.0	-14.43~18.05
垂直曲率 Profile curvature (prof)		-12.02~12.17
坡向 Slope aspect (aspe)	根据ArcGIS9.0和Parker (1982) Follow ArcGIS9.0 and Parker (1982)	0°~ 180°
坡位 Slope position (posi)		0~100
溪流影响 Stream impact (si)	si=2: 有溪流经过 Passed by stream; si=1: 相邻8个栅格中至少1个有溪流经过 With at least one of 8 neighbors passed by stream; si=0: 其它 Others	0, 1, 2

种名 Species name		参数估计 Parameter estimation	t 检验 t-test		n-2	模型回归分析的F检验 F test for ANOVA of models
种名 Species name		参数估计 Parameter estimation	t	Sig.		F	Sig.
包石栎Lithocarpus cleistocarpus	α	0.502	4.430	0.000	35	209.922	0.000
	β	0.918	14.489	0.000
短柱柃 Eurya loquaiana	α	0.602	3.504	0.004	19	86.229	0.000
	β	0.711	9.286	0.000
灯台树Cornus controversa	α	1.241	4.872	0.001	25	164.531	0.000
	β	0.764	15.418	0.000
华中樱桃 Cerasus conradinae	α	0.421	3.673	0.001	28	154.916	0.000
	β	1.017	11.712	0.000
雷公鹅耳枥Carpinus fargesii	α	0.436	6.466	0.000	32	487.684	0.000
	β	0.956	22.084	0.000
亮叶桦 Betula luminifera	α	1.004	4.681	0.010	20	73.860	0.000
	β	0.814	14.617	0.000
亮叶水青冈 Fagus lucida	α	0.533	3.769	0.001	29	151.011	0.000
	β	0.888	12.289	0.000
米心水青冈 Fagus engleriana	α	0.681	3.946	0.001	29	146.283	0.000
	β	0.818	12.095	0.000
青栲 Cyclobalanopsis myrsinaefolia	α	0.401	3.224	0.004	21	136.048	0.000
	β	0.976	11.664	0.000
四照花Dendrobenthamia japonica var. chinensis	α	0.564	3.787	0.001	27	128.606	0.000
	β	0.865	11.340	0.000
锐齿槲栎 Quercus aliena var. acuteserrata	α	0.523	4.593	0.000	44	220.279	0.000
	β	0.921	14.842	0.000

种名 Species name		参数估计 Parameter estimation	t 检验 t-test		n-2	模型回归分析的F检验 F test for ANOVA of models
种名 Species name		参数估计 Parameter estimation	t	Sig.		F	Sig.
包石栎Lithocarpus cleistocarpus	α	0.502	4.430	0.000	35	209.922	0.000
	β	0.918	14.489	0.000
短柱柃 Eurya loquaiana	α	0.602	3.504	0.004	19	86.229	0.000
	β	0.711	9.286	0.000
灯台树Cornus controversa	α	1.241	4.872	0.001	25	164.531	0.000
	β	0.764	15.418	0.000
华中樱桃 Cerasus conradinae	α	0.421	3.673	0.001	28	154.916	0.000
	β	1.017	11.712	0.000
雷公鹅耳枥Carpinus fargesii	α	0.436	6.466	0.000	32	487.684	0.000
	β	0.956	22.084	0.000
亮叶桦 Betula luminifera	α	1.004	4.681	0.010	20	73.860	0.000
	β	0.814	14.617	0.000
亮叶水青冈 Fagus lucida	α	0.533	3.769	0.001	29	151.011	0.000
	β	0.888	12.289	0.000
米心水青冈 Fagus engleriana	α	0.681	3.946	0.001	29	146.283	0.000
	β	0.818	12.095	0.000
青栲 Cyclobalanopsis myrsinaefolia	α	0.401	3.224	0.004	21	136.048	0.000
	β	0.976	11.664	0.000
四照花Dendrobenthamia japonica var. chinensis	α	0.564	3.787	0.001	27	128.606	0.000
	β	0.865	11.340	0.000
锐齿槲栎 Quercus aliena var. acuteserrata	α	0.523	4.593	0.000	44	220.279	0.000
	β	0.921	14.842	0.000

种名 Specie name	频率 Frequency	年龄范围 Age rang	平均值±标准偏差 Mean±SD
米心水青冈 Fagus engleriana	33	14~169	106.2±43.7
茅栗 Castanea seguinii	33	43~163	104.4±23.1
锥栗 Castanea henryi	30	72~145	95.0±16.2
锐齿槲栎 Quercus aliena var. acuteserrata	21	88~179	117.0±26.4
三桠乌药 Lindera obtusiloba	20	15~144	88.8±24.9
大叶杨 Populus lasiocarpa	9	50~78	61.4±9.9
包石栎 Lithocarpus cleistocarpus	9	30~66	53.2±10.0
亮叶桦 Betula luminifera	6	70~134	98.4±28.0
石灰花楸 Sorbus folgneri	5	80~173	114.5±36.3
雷公鹅耳枥 Carpinus fargesii	5	27~78	60.3±20.6
青栲 Cyclobalanopsis myrsinaefolia	5	12~72	50.5±24.3
亮叶水青冈 Fagus lucida	3	91~122	111.5±11.7
灯台树 Cornus controversa	3	53~119	95.5±36.6
漆树 Toxicodendron vernicifluum	3	20~77	40.1±32.2
其它(10种) Others (10 species)	1或(or)2	24~169