林龄和生态位对樟子松人工林地下真菌群落构建的影响

doi:10.17521/cjpe.2024.0118

植物生态学报 ›› 2025, Vol. 49 ›› Issue (9): 1472-1484.DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2024.0118 cstr: 32100.14.cjpe.2024.0118

林龄和生态位对樟子松人工林地下真菌群落构建的影响

赵珮杉¹, 高广磊¹^,²^,³^,⁴^,^*()(), 丁国栋¹^,²^,³^,⁴, 张英¹^,⁴

¹北京林业大学水土保持学院, 宁夏盐池毛乌素沙地生态系统国家定位观测研究站, 北京 100083
²北京林业大学林木资源高效生产全国重点实验室, 北京 100083
³北京林业大学林业生态工程教育部工程研究中心, 北京 100083
⁴北京林业大学水土保持国家林业和草原局重点实验室, 北京 100083

收稿日期:2024-04-19 接受日期:2024-09-28 出版日期:2025-09-20 发布日期:2025-04-14
通讯作者: ^*高广磊: ORCID: 0000-0002-0486-1532 (gaoguanglei@bjfu.edu.cn)
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金(32371962)

Effects of stand age and niche on community assembly of belowground fungi in Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica plantations

ZHAO Pei-Shan¹, GAO Guang-Lei¹^,²^,³^,⁴^,^*()(), DING Guo-Dong¹^,²^,³^,⁴, ZHANG Ying¹^,⁴

¹National Observation and Research Station of Yanchi Mu Us Desert Ecosystem, School of Soil and Water Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
²State Key Laboratory of Efficient Production of Forest Resources, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
³Engineering Research Centre of Forestry Ecological Engineering, Ministry of Education, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
⁴Key Laboratory of State Forestry and Grassland Administration on Soil and Water Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China

Received:2024-04-19 Accepted:2024-09-28 Online:2025-09-20 Published:2025-04-14
Supported by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China(32371962)

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

樟子松(Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica)是北方风沙区生态环境建设中重要的常绿乔木树种。该研究旨在揭示樟子松人工林地下真菌群落构建模式, 以期深化对“樟子松-真菌”互馈调节关系的理解, 并为樟子松人工林可持续经营管理提供微生物视角下的理论基础。该研究以呼伦贝尔沙地不同林龄(26、37和46 a)樟子松人工林为研究对象, 探究其不同生态位(根系、根际土壤和非根际土壤)下真菌多样性和群落组成时空动态特征, 并阐明其构建模式。主要结果有: (1)林龄和生态位对樟子松人工林地下真菌多样性有显著影响。地下真菌群落物种丰富度和多样性指数均值排序为46 a > 26 a > 37 a, 随林龄增加群落间相异性逐渐增加; 地下真菌群落物种丰富度、多样性指数和相异性指数均呈现非根际土壤真菌(NRhSF) >根际土壤真菌(RhSF) >根内真菌(RAF)。(2)樟子松人工林地下真菌属于14门592属。26、37和46 a人工林地下真菌分别包含3、1和5个丰富属, 均具有内生真菌或外生菌根真菌的共生能力; RAF、RhSF和NRhSF分别包含3、8和5个丰富属, 被孢霉门(Mortierellomycota)和腐生营养型真菌占比逐渐增加。(3)樟子松人工林地下真菌主要构建过程为扩散限制(63.54%), 其次是生态漂变(22.06%)和同质选择(12.90%)。林龄与地下真菌群落结构呈显著正相关关系; 影响RAF、RhSF和NRhSF的主要土壤因子分别为土壤全磷含量(RAF)、全氮含量和全磷含量(RhSF)以及土壤有机质含量(NRhSF)。研究结果表明, 樟子松人工林地下真菌多样性和群落组成在不同林龄和不同生态位存在时空异质性, 随机性过程主要由扩散限制主导影响着这些群落, 确定性过程是宿主选择和环境过滤共同作用的结果。

关键词: 樟子松, 植物-微生物互作, 林龄, 生态位, 真菌功能

Abstract:

Aims Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica, an evergreen coniferous tree species, plays a pivotal role in ecological restoration efforts in the deserts of northern China. This study aimed to elucidate the community assembly of belowground fungi and the intricate relationships between P. sylvestris var. mongolica and fungi in P. sylvestris var. mongolica plantations. The findings would provide the novel microbial perspectives for sustainable management strategies of P. sylvestris var. mongolica plantations.
Methods Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica plantations of different stand ages (26, 37, and 46 a) in the Hulun Buir Sandy Land were selected to examine the diversity, composition and assembly pattern of root-associated fungi (RAF), rhizosphere soil fungi (RhSF) and non-rhizosphere soil fungi (NRhSF).
Important findings (1) Stand ages and niches significantly influenced fungal diversity. The fungal community richness and diversity indices ranked as follows: 46 a > 26 a > 37 a, and the dissimilarity gradually increased with the increase of the stand age. Among the different niches, the richness, diversity indexes, and dissimilarity were the highest in NRhSF, the middle in RhSF and the lowest in RAF. (2) The belowground fungi were assigned to 14 phyla and 592 genera. The belowground fungal communities of 26, 37, and 46 a plantations had 3, 1, and 5 abundant genera respectively, and they had symbiotic capability of endophytic or ectomycorrhizal fungi. RAF, RhSF, and NRhSF had 3, 8, and 5 abundant genera, respectively, and the proportions of Mortierellomycota and saprotrophic fungi increased from root to soil. (3) The primary assembly processes of belowground fungal communities were the dispersal limitation (63.54%), drift (22.06%) and homogeneous selection (12.90%). Stand age significantly correlated with structure of belowground fungi. Soil total phosphorus content, soil total nitrogen and phosphorus contents, and soil organic matter content were the main factors influencing RAF, RhSF, and NRhSF, respectively. This study highlights temporal and spatial heterogeneity of fungal community diversity and composition in P. sylvestris var. mongolica plantations. Stochastic processes mainly were dispersal limitations, shaping these communities, while the deterministic processes were influenced by host selection and environmental filtering.

Key words: Pinus syivestris var. mongolica, plant-microbiome interactions, stand age, niche, fungal function

赵珮杉, 高广磊, 丁国栋, 张英. 林龄和生态位对樟子松人工林地下真菌群落构建的影响. 植物生态学报, 2025, 49(9): 1472-1484. DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2024.0118

ZHAO Pei-Shan, GAO Guang-Lei, DING Guo-Dong, ZHANG Ying. Effects of stand age and niche on community assembly of belowground fungi in Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica plantations. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 2025, 49(9): 1472-1484. DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2024.0118

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链接本文: https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/10.17521/cjpe.2024.0118

https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/Y2025/V49/I9/1472

图/表 6

图1 樟子松人工林地下真菌可操作分类单元(OTU)分布Venn图。A, 26、37和46 a人工林地下真菌OTU在各生态位分布情况。B, 根系(Root)、根际土壤(RhS)和非根际土壤(NRhS)中真菌OTU在各林龄中分布情况。

Fig. 1 Venn diagrams of belowground fungal operational taxonomic unit (OTU) in Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica plantations. A, Distribution of fungal OTUs in 26, 37 and 46 a plantations among the different niches. B, Distribution of fungal OTUs in root, rhizosphere soil (RhS) and non-rhizosphere soil (NRhS) among the different stand ages.

图2 樟子松人工林地下真菌群落多样性和结构。A, Chao1多样性。B, Shannon-Wiener多样性。C, 系统发育多样性。D, 平均成对系统发育距离。E, 真菌结构非度量多维尺度排序(NMDS)及相似性分析(ANOSIM)。不同小写字母表示差异显著(p < 0.05)。NRhS, 非根际土壤; RhS, 根际土壤; Root, 根系。Stress, 应力值。

Fig. 2 Diversity and structure of belowground fungal community in Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica plantations. A, Chao1 index. B, Shannon-Wiener index. C, Phylogenetic diversity (PD). D, Mean phylogenetic distance (MPD). E, Non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) and analysis of similarities (ANOSIM) of fungal community structure. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences (p < 0.05). NRhS, non-rhizosphere soil; RhS, rhizosphere soil.

图3 樟子松人工林地下真菌群落分类学组成及其相对丰度。A, 门水平组成。B, 属水平组成(仅列出相对丰度>1.00%的丰富属)。NRhS, 非根际土壤; RhS, 根际土壤; Root, 根系。

Fig. 3 Distribution and relative abundances of belowground fungal taxonomic groups in Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica plantations. A, Phylum level. B, Genus level (genera with abundances > 1.00% are listed). NRhS, non-rhizosphere soil; RhS, rhizosphere soil.

图4 樟子松人工林地下真菌特化可操作分类单元(OTU)分布。A, 26、37和46 a人工林特化OTU在各生态位分布情况。B, 根系(Root)、根际土壤(RhS)和非根际土壤(NRhS)中特化OTU在各林龄分布情况。点的形状表示不同生态位/林龄人工林中特化和非特化OTU类型, 点的大小表示OTU平均相对丰度, 点的颜色表示真菌功能类型。

Fig. 4 Specialist operational taxonomic unit (OTU) of belowground fungal community in Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica plantations. A, Distribution of specialists in 26, 37 and 46 a plantations among the different niches. B, Distribution of specialists in root, rhizosphere soil (RhS) and non-rhizosphere soil (NRhS) among the different stand ages. Point shape indicates non-specialist OTUs and specialist OTUs in different niches or stand ages, point size indicates the average relative abundance of OTUs, and point color indicates different fungal functional groups of OTUs.

图5 樟子松人工林地下真菌群落构建过程。A, 26、37和46 a人工林真菌群落构建过程。B, 根系(Root)、根际土壤(RhS)和非根际土壤(NRhS)中真菌群落构建过程。

Fig. 5 Variations in assembly processes of belowground fungal community in Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica plantations. A, Assembly processes of fungal community in 26, 37 and 46 a plantations. B, Assembly processes of fungal community in root, rhizosphere soil (RhS) and non-rhizosphere soil (NRhS).

图6 樟子松人工林地下真菌群落与环境因子(土壤因子和林龄)的相关性。A, 根系(Root)、根际土壤(RhS)和非根际土壤(NRhS)中真菌群落结构与环境因子的Mantel检验、环境因子间的斯皮尔曼相关性。B, 各生态位真菌群落中特化可操作分类单元(OTU)和非特化OTU结构与环境因子的相关性。AN, 土壤速效氮含量; AP, 土壤速效磷含量; pH, 土壤pH; SA, 林龄; SOM, 土壤有机质含量; TN, 土壤全氮含量; TP, 土壤全磷含量。*, p < 0.05; **, p < 0.01; ***, p < 0.001。

Fig. 6 Correlations between belowground fungal community and environmental factors (soil factors and stand age) in Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica plantations. A, Correlations between fungal community in root, rhizosphere soil (RhS) and non-rhizosphere soil (NRhS) and environmental factors based on Mantel test. Pairwise comparisons of environmental factors based on Spearman’s correlation. B, Correlations between fungal specialist and non-specialist operational taxonomic units (OTUs) and environmental factors in the different niches. AN, available nitrogen content; AP, available phosphorus content; pH, soil pH; SA, stand age; SOM, soil organic matter content; TN, total nitrogen content; TP, total phosphorus content. *, p < 0.05; **, p < 0.01; ***, p < 0.001.

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林龄和生态位对樟子松人工林地下真菌群落构建的影响

Effects of stand age and niche on community assembly of belowground fungi in Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica plantations

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