长白山森林功能多样性与地上碳汇功能的关系及其随演替的变化

doi:10.17521/cjpe.2024.0164

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 森林是陆地生态系统最大的碳库, 促进森林“保碳增汇”是实现“双碳”目标的关键途径。生物多样性是生态系统功能形成和维持的重要基础, 阐明森林生物多样性与碳汇功能关系及其作用机制是提高森林碳汇能力的重要前提。然而, 在温带森林演替过程中, 生物多样性对森林碳汇功能的相对贡献及其背后的生态学过程并不清楚。该研究以长白山原始红松(Pinus koraiensis)阔叶混交林及其次生林为研究对象, 基于森林大样地两期群落调查数据, 结合不同树种的功能性状数据计算森林功能多样性和功能组成, 分别用于反映生态位互补效应和质量比率效应, 同时运用森林初始地上碳储量反映植被绿量效应, 通过结构方程模型检验不同多样性效应对森林碳储量和固碳速率的影响, 并探讨其随森林演替的变化。结果表明, 生物多样性对森林碳汇功能的影响机制随森林演替而变化。在次生杨桦林阶段(演替早期), 生态位互补效应、质量比率效应以及植被绿量效应共同影响森林碳汇功能; 在次生针阔混交林阶段(演替中期), 质量比率效应是影响森林碳汇功能的主要机制; 而在原始红松阔叶混交林阶段(演替顶极), 质量比率效应和植被绿量效应对碳汇的影响更为显著。此外, 局域环境对森林碳储量和固碳速率也有显著影响。该研究在功能性状维度上, 揭示了长白山森林演替过程中, 生物多样性与碳汇功能关系及其作用机理, 研究结果有助于理解温带森林碳汇功能的维持机制, 同时为东北地区次生林的生态修复以及碳汇功能提升提供科学理论支持。

关键词: 生物多样性, 功能多样性, 功能组成, 森林碳储量, 碳汇功能, 森林演替

Abstract:

Aims Forests serve as the largest carbon pool in terrestrial ecosystems. Promoting forests carbon sequestration and carbon sink is a key approach to achieving the “double carbon” target. Biodiversity is a crucial foundation for maintaining ecosystem functions. Clarifying the relationship between forest biodiversity and carbon sink function is an important prerequisite for enhancing forest carbon sequestration and carbon sink. However, the relative contribution of biodiversity to forest carbon sink function along temperate forest succession, as well as the corresponding ecological processes are not clear.

Methods This study focuses on the primary Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis) - broadleaf mixed forest and the secondary forests in Changbai Mountains. Based on the data from two-phase forest community surveys, we calculated forest functional diversity and functional composition, which reflect the niche complementarity effect and the mass ratio effect, respectively. Additionally, we used forest initial aboveground carbon storage to represent the green vegetation effect. Finally, utilizing structural equation modeling, we examined the impact of different ecological effects on forest carbon storage and carbon sequestration rate, and tested the impact changes with forest succession.

Important findings We found the ecological mechanisms underlying the relationship between forest biodiversity and carbon sink function changed with forest succession. In the secondary poplar-birch forest (i.e., early successional stage), the mass ratio effect, niche complementarity effect, and vegetation quantity effect jointly affected the carbon sink function. In the secondary conifer-broadleaf mixed forest stage (i.e., middle successional stage), the mass ratio effect was the main mechanism affecting forest carbon sink function. In the primary Korean pine-broadleaf mixed forest (i.e., climax stage), the mass ratio effect and vegetation quantity effect exhibited more significant impacts. Additionally, the local environment also significantly influenced forest carbon storage and carbon sequestration rate. This study revealed the relationship between forest biodiversity and carbon sink function, as well as its underlying mechanisms, and their changes with forest succession in Changbai Mountains. These results deepen our understanding in the complex mechanisms of carbon sink function in temperate forests, and provide scientific support for the ecological restoration and management of secondary forests in Northeast China.

Key words: biodiversity, functional diversity, functional composition, forest carbon stock, carbon sink function, forest succession

吴闫宁, 郝珉辉, 何怀江, 张春雨, 赵秀海. 长白山森林功能多样性与地上碳汇功能的关系及其随演替的变化. 植物生态学报, 2025, 49(2): 232-243. DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2024.0164

WU Yan-Ning, HAO Min-Hui, HE Huai-Jiang, ZHANG Chun-Yu, ZHAO Xiu-Hai. Relationships between functional diversity and aboveground carbon sink functions and their changes with forest succession in Changbai Mountains, China. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 2025, 49(2): 232-243. DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2024.0164

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链接本文: https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/10.17521/cjpe.2024.0164

https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/Y2025/V49/I2/232

图/表 5

表1 长白山森林3个样地基本信息

Table 1 Basic information of the three forest plots in Changbai Mountains

样地 Plot	建立年份 Year of establishment	演替阶段 Successional stage	样地位置 Location	平均胸高断面积 Average basal area at breast height (m²·hm^-2)
次生杨桦林 Secondary poplar-birch forest	2005	早期阶段 Early stage	42.32° N, 128.13° E	23.81
次生针阔混交林 Secondary conifer-broadleaf mixed forest	2005	中期阶段 Middle stage	42.35° N, 128.13° E	33.13
原始红松阔叶混交林 Primary Korean pine-broadleaf mixed forest	2007	顶极阶段 Climax stage	42.23° N, 128.08° E	55.33

图1 长白山森林样地环境因子的主成分(ENV)排序图。圆点表示20 m × 20 m的样方, 黑色箭头表示环境因子。SD, 土壤深度; SOM, 土壤有机质含量; STN, 土壤全氮含量; STP, 土壤全磷含量; SWC, 土壤含水量。

Fig. 1 Biplot of the principal component analysis for environmental factors (ENV) of the forest plots in Changbai Mountains. Dots represent the 20 m × 20 m quadrats, and black arrows depict the environmental factors. SD, soil depth; SOM, soil organic matter content; STN, soil total nitrogen content; STP, soil total phosphorus content; SWC, soil water content.

图2 长白山森林样地群落加权平均性状的主成分(FCom)排序图。圆点表示20 m × 20 m的样方, 黑色箭头表示功能性状的群落加权平均值。C/N, 叶片碳氮比; Hmax, 最大树高; LA, 叶面积; LDMC, 叶片干物质含量; LNC, 叶片氮含量; SLA, 比叶面积。

Fig. 2 Biplot of the principal component analysis for community weighted mean traits (FCom) of the forest plots in Changbai Mountain. Dots represent the 20 m × 20 m quadrats, and black arrows depict the community weighted mean traits. C/N, leaf carbon to nitrogen radio; Hmax, height maximum; LA, leaf area; LDMC, leaf dry matter content; LNC, leaf nitrogen content; SLA, specific leaf area.

图3 长白山森林样地不同演替阶段功能离散度、功能组成与森林碳汇功能的差异。AGCS, 地上碳储量; CRS, 固碳速率; FCom1, 功能组成第一主分量; FCom2, 功能组成第二主分量; FDis, 功能离散度。不同小写字母表示不同森林类型间差异显著(p < 0.05)。

Fig. 3 Difference in functional dispersion, functional composition, and forest carbon sink function in different forest successional stages in Changbai Mountains. AGCS, aboveground carbon storage; CRS, carbon sequestration; FCom1, the first principal component of functional composition; FCom2, the second principal component of functional composition; FDis, functional dispersion. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among different forest types (p < 0.05).

图4 长白山森林生物多样性与碳汇功能关系。A, 次生杨桦林。B, 次生针阔混交林。C, 原始红松阔叶混交林。CFI为比较拟合指数, SRMR为标准化均方根残差, 反映模型的拟合优度。红色路径线表示正相关关系, 绿色路径线表示负相关关系; 实线表示关系显著(p < 0.05), 虚线表示关系不显著(p ≥ 0.05)。路径线上的数字为标准化的路径系数, 线条粗细反映系数的大小。R2为决定系数, 反映被解释量的大小。方框内显示了因子载荷大于0.4的环境或功能性状因子, “↑”和“↓”分别表示主分量值随变量上升和下降。ALT, 海拔; ASP, 坡向; C/N, 叶片碳氮比; ENV1, 环境因子第一主分量; ENV2, 环境因子第二主分量; FCom1, 功能组成第一主分量; FCom2, 功能组成第二主分量; FDis, 功能离散度; Hmax, 最大树高; LA, 叶面积; LDMC, 叶片干物质含量; LN, 叶片氮含量; SLA, 比叶面积; SOM, 土壤有机质含量; STN, 土壤全氮含量; STP, 土壤全磷含量; SWC, 土壤含水量。

Fig. 4 Relationships between forest biodiversity and carbon sink function in Changbai Mountains. A, Secondary poplar-birch forest. B, Secondary conifer-broadleaf mixed forest. C, Primary Korean pine-broadleaf mixed forest. CFI represents the comparative fit index, and SRMR represents standardized root mean square residual. Red arrows represent positive effects, while green arrows represent negative effects. The solid lines represent significant relationships (p < 0.05), while dashed lines represent insignificant relationships (p ≥ 0.05). The values next to the lines are the standardized path coefficients, and the line thickness is proportional to the standardized path coefficient. R2 represents the percentage of the response variations explained by the explanatory variables. The box displays the environmental or functional trait factors with factor loadings greater than 0.4 where the “↑” and“↓” next to the letters indicate the increase and decrease of the principal component values with the variables. AGCS, aboveground carbon storage; ALT, altitude; ASP, aspect; C/N, leaf carbon to nitrogen ratio; CRS, carbon sequestration; ENV1, the first principal component of the environment; ENV2, the second principal component of the environment; FCom1, the first principal component of functional composition; FCom2, the second principal component of functional composition; FDis, functional dispersion; Hmax, height maximum; LA, leaf area; LDMC, leaf dry matter content; LN, leaf nitrogen content; SLA, specific leaf area; SOM, soil organic matter content; STN, soil total nitrogen content; STP, soil total phosphorus content; SWC, soil water content.

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