Crown characteristics and its relationship with tree growth on different slope aspects for Larix olgensis var. changbaiensis plantation in eastern Liaoning mountainous area, China

doi:10.17521/cjpe.2022.0390

Abstract

Abstract:

Aims Tree crown plays vital roles in carbohydrate accumulation and productivity formation, clarifying the variation pattern of tree growth and crown development, as well as their responses to the growing environment such as slope aspects, can help us to understand the adaption strategies of trees.

Methods In this study, Larix olgensis var. changbaiensis from 60 sites in east Liaoning were selected, and the responses of tree growth and crown development to different slope aspects (shady or sunny slope) and age classes (15-16 a, 23-26 a, 49-56 a) were analyzed. The three types of crown indicators, including objective indicators, subjective indicators, and composite indicators, were used to analyze the crown development in this study.

Important findings The results showed that: (1) No significant difference was found in diameter at breast height (DBH), tree height (H), wood volume, and relative dominant tree height among age classes. In comparison, the differentiation of DBH on the sunny slopes was significantly higher than that on the shady slopes in the mature age class. (2) By the comprehensive analysis of the three types of crown indicators, the crown exhibited distinct growth adaptation strategies but depending on slope aspects. Tree growing on the sunny slopes generally showed small crown length and width with uniform crown layer and high crown production efficiency. By contrast, tree growing on the shady slopes showed large crown length and width with large crown volume and low crown production efficiency. (3) Except for the ratio of H to DBH, all objective crown indicators were positively correlated to growth indicators. On the sunny slopes, the contribution of the crown to wood volume decreased with stand age, which could be proved by the significant negative correlation between crown length, crown ratio, and growth indicators. In addition, the crown position and crown fullness ratio were also the main factors that promoted stand growth at the shady slopes. (4) All the objective indicators were positively correlated to the biomass of each organ. On both slope aspects, whole tree biomass was positively correlated to crown light exposure, crown surface area, and crown volume, but negatively correlated to crown dieback. On the sunny slopes, whole tree biomass decreased with the increase of foliage transparency, ratio of crown density to DBH, and crown ratio, while on the shady slopes, biomass increased with higher crown position and crown fullness ratio. (5) Among all indicators, crown surface area showed the best indicator for explaining the biomass of each organ in this study. Overall, better crown development could significantly promote tree growth on Larix olgensis var. changbaiensis plantation, but the trade-off between crown development and tree growth that varies with slope aspects should be considered in such stand management.

Key words: tree crown, slope aspect, Larix olgensis var. changbaiensis, biomass, trade-off, environmental adaptation

HE Lu-Lu, ZHANG Xuan, ZHANG Yu-Wen, WANG Xiao-Xia, LIU Ya-Dong, LIU Yan, FAN Zi-Ying, HE Yuan-Yang, XI Ben-Ye, DUAN Jie. Crown characteristics and its relationship with tree growth on different slope aspects for Larix olgensis var. changbaiensis plantation in eastern Liaoning mountainous area, China[J]. Chin J Plant Ecol, 2023, 47(11): 1523-1539.

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坡向 Slope aspect	龄级 Age class	样地数量 No. of plots	林龄 Age (a)	胸径 Diameter at breast height (cm)	树高 Tree height (m)	林分密度 Tree density (tree·hm^-2)
阴坡 Shady slope	幼龄林 Young forests	10	16	10.789 ± 0.228	12.602 ± 0.209	2 312.5 ± 173.375
	中龄林 Middle-age forests	10	25	14.834 ± 0.373	16.826 ± 0.338	1 020 ± 71.095
	成熟林 Mature forests	10	52	25.605 ± 0.877	23.249 ± 0.340	482.5 ± 29.592
阳坡 Sunny slope	幼龄林 Young forests	10	16	11.342 ± 0.133	12.296 ± 0.242	2 285 ± 116.142
	中龄林 Middle-age forests	10	25	15.369 ± 0.381	17.261 ± 0.369	1 252.5 ± 69.766
	成熟林 Mature forests	10	52	25.981 ± 0.595	23.347 ± 0.364	387.5 ± 19.454

坡向 Slope aspect	龄级 Age class	样地数量 No. of plots	林龄 Age (a)	胸径 Diameter at breast height (cm)	树高 Tree height (m)	林分密度 Tree density (tree·hm^-2)
阴坡 Shady slope	幼龄林 Young forests	10	16	10.789 ± 0.228	12.602 ± 0.209	2 312.5 ± 173.375
	中龄林 Middle-age forests	10	25	14.834 ± 0.373	16.826 ± 0.338	1 020 ± 71.095
	成熟林 Mature forests	10	52	25.605 ± 0.877	23.249 ± 0.340	482.5 ± 29.592
阳坡 Sunny slope	幼龄林 Young forests	10	16	11.342 ± 0.133	12.296 ± 0.242	2 285 ± 116.142
	中龄林 Middle-age forests	10	25	15.369 ± 0.381	17.261 ± 0.369	1 252.5 ± 69.766
	成熟林 Mature forests	10	52	25.981 ± 0.595	23.347 ± 0.364	387.5 ± 19.454

树冠指标类型 Type of crown indicator	指标名称 Indicator name	定义, 测量或计算方法 Description and measuring method
客观指标 Objective indicator	冠幅 Crown width (CW, m)	树冠的垂直投影宽度, 一般分为东西、南北冠幅, 用皮尺测量, 取平均值作为被测木冠幅, 精确到0.1 m The vertical projection width of tree crown, the crown width in the east-west and north-south directions are measured with a tape measure, and their average value are taken as the crown width, accurate to 0.1 m
	树冠长度 Crown length (CL, m)	树冠底部到顶部的垂直长度, 其值等于树高减去活枝下高, 用测高仪测量, 精确到0.1 m The vertical length from the base to the top of the crown, equal to the tree height minus the height of the lowest living branch, measured with an altimeter, accurate to 0.1 m
	枝下高 Under branch height (HU, m)	树冠底部到地面的垂直长度, 用激光测距仪测定, 精确到0.1 m The vertical distance from the ground to the crown base, measured with a laser range finder, accurate to 0.1 m
主观指标 Subjective indicator	树冠位置 Crown position (CP)	林木树冠在林内冠层的相对位置, 1-4级依次定义为活树冠顶部高出2倍林分冠层的高度、活树冠顶部高出林冠层高度的1/2、活树冠层低于林冠层高度的1/2、孤立木 The vertical position of a tree relative to the forest stand, grades 1 to 4 were defined as the live crown top must be at least twice the height of the top of the overstory canopy zone, the live crown top is above the middle of the overstory canopy zone, the live crown top is at or below the middle of the overstory canopy zone, and the individual trees, respectively
	树冠受光率 Crown light exposure (CLE)	太阳照射树冠时, 树冠能接收到直射光照的数量, 将树冠垂直划分为4个侧面和1个顶部共5个受光面, 观察5个面的受光情况, 并将其由低到高划分为0-5共6级 Trees are rated based on the amount of light received with the sun directly overhead, the value is assigned by dividing the tree crown into five segments: four vertical sides and the top, the number of segments receiving light is then counted, resulting in a value that ranges from 0 to 5
	树冠顶梢枯死率 Crown dieback (CDBK, %)	树冠顶梢枯死面积占活树冠面积的百分比, 按每5%为一个单位 The percentage ot the area of the treetop dieback to the whole living crown, and is recorded in five-percent classes
	树冠叶透光度 Foliage transparency (FT, %)	透过活冠部分可见的天空百分比, 仅通过活冠部分的树叶判断, 枯枝和死枝不包括在内, 按每5%作为一个单位划分 The amount of skylight on a percent basis that is visible through the live part of the crown, dead branches are excluded from the estimate, and is recorded in five-percent classes
	树冠密度 Crown density (CD, %)	树冠枝条、叶片和其他组织阻挡可见光穿过树冠的数量, 按每5%作为一个单位划分 The percentage of light blocked by branches, foliage, and other structures, and is recorded in five-percent classes
复合指标 Composite indicator	冠径比 Ratio of CW to DBH (RCD, %)	冠幅与胸径的比值 Ratio of crown width to diameter at breast height
	树冠率 Crown ratio (CR, %)	树高和活枝下高的差值与树高的比值 Ratio of crown length to tree height
	树冠圆满度 Crown fullness ratio (CFR)	冠幅与树冠长度的比值 Ratio of crown width to crown length
	树冠表面积 Composite crown surface area (CCSA, m²)	$\text{CCSA}=\frac{4\text{ }\!\!\pi\!\!\text{ }\cdot \text{CL}}{3{{R}^{2}}}\left[ {{\left( {{R}^{2}}+\frac{{{R}^{4}}}{4\text{C}{{\text{L}}^{2}}} \right)}^{1.5}}-{{\left( \frac{{{R}^{4}}}{4\text{C}{{\text{L}}^{2}}} \right)}^{1.5}} \right]\text{CD,}$R为树冠半径 R, crown radius
	树冠体积 Composite crown volume (CCV, m³)	$\text{CCV}=0.5\text{ }\!\!\pi\!\!\text{ }\cdot {{R}^{2}}\cdot \text{CL}\cdot \text{CD}$.
	树冠生产率 Crown production efficiency (CEFF, m^-1)	CEFF = CCSA/CCV

树冠指标类型 Type of crown indicator	指标名称 Indicator name	定义, 测量或计算方法 Description and measuring method
客观指标 Objective indicator	冠幅 Crown width (CW, m)	树冠的垂直投影宽度, 一般分为东西、南北冠幅, 用皮尺测量, 取平均值作为被测木冠幅, 精确到0.1 m The vertical projection width of tree crown, the crown width in the east-west and north-south directions are measured with a tape measure, and their average value are taken as the crown width, accurate to 0.1 m
	树冠长度 Crown length (CL, m)	树冠底部到顶部的垂直长度, 其值等于树高减去活枝下高, 用测高仪测量, 精确到0.1 m The vertical length from the base to the top of the crown, equal to the tree height minus the height of the lowest living branch, measured with an altimeter, accurate to 0.1 m
	枝下高 Under branch height (HU, m)	树冠底部到地面的垂直长度, 用激光测距仪测定, 精确到0.1 m The vertical distance from the ground to the crown base, measured with a laser range finder, accurate to 0.1 m
主观指标 Subjective indicator	树冠位置 Crown position (CP)	林木树冠在林内冠层的相对位置, 1-4级依次定义为活树冠顶部高出2倍林分冠层的高度、活树冠顶部高出林冠层高度的1/2、活树冠层低于林冠层高度的1/2、孤立木 The vertical position of a tree relative to the forest stand, grades 1 to 4 were defined as the live crown top must be at least twice the height of the top of the overstory canopy zone, the live crown top is above the middle of the overstory canopy zone, the live crown top is at or below the middle of the overstory canopy zone, and the individual trees, respectively
	树冠受光率 Crown light exposure (CLE)	太阳照射树冠时, 树冠能接收到直射光照的数量, 将树冠垂直划分为4个侧面和1个顶部共5个受光面, 观察5个面的受光情况, 并将其由低到高划分为0-5共6级 Trees are rated based on the amount of light received with the sun directly overhead, the value is assigned by dividing the tree crown into five segments: four vertical sides and the top, the number of segments receiving light is then counted, resulting in a value that ranges from 0 to 5
	树冠顶梢枯死率 Crown dieback (CDBK, %)	树冠顶梢枯死面积占活树冠面积的百分比, 按每5%为一个单位 The percentage ot the area of the treetop dieback to the whole living crown, and is recorded in five-percent classes
	树冠叶透光度 Foliage transparency (FT, %)	透过活冠部分可见的天空百分比, 仅通过活冠部分的树叶判断, 枯枝和死枝不包括在内, 按每5%作为一个单位划分 The amount of skylight on a percent basis that is visible through the live part of the crown, dead branches are excluded from the estimate, and is recorded in five-percent classes
	树冠密度 Crown density (CD, %)	树冠枝条、叶片和其他组织阻挡可见光穿过树冠的数量, 按每5%作为一个单位划分 The percentage of light blocked by branches, foliage, and other structures, and is recorded in five-percent classes
复合指标 Composite indicator	冠径比 Ratio of CW to DBH (RCD, %)	冠幅与胸径的比值 Ratio of crown width to diameter at breast height
	树冠率 Crown ratio (CR, %)	树高和活枝下高的差值与树高的比值 Ratio of crown length to tree height
	树冠圆满度 Crown fullness ratio (CFR)	冠幅与树冠长度的比值 Ratio of crown width to crown length
	树冠表面积 Composite crown surface area (CCSA, m²)	$\text{CCSA}=\frac{4\text{ }\!\!\pi\!\!\text{ }\cdot \text{CL}}{3{{R}^{2}}}\left[ {{\left( {{R}^{2}}+\frac{{{R}^{4}}}{4\text{C}{{\text{L}}^{2}}} \right)}^{1.5}}-{{\left( \frac{{{R}^{4}}}{4\text{C}{{\text{L}}^{2}}} \right)}^{1.5}} \right]\text{CD,}$R为树冠半径 R, crown radius
	树冠体积 Composite crown volume (CCV, m³)	$\text{CCV}=0.5\text{ }\!\!\pi\!\!\text{ }\cdot {{R}^{2}}\cdot \text{CL}\cdot \text{CD}$.
	树冠生产率 Crown production efficiency (CEFF, m^-1)	CEFF = CCSA/CCV

变异来源Source of variation	生长指标 Growth indicator			树冠指标 Crown indicator
变异来源Source of variation	生长指标 Growth indicator	F	p	客观指标 Objective indicator	F	p	主观指标 Subjective indicator	F	p	复合指标 Composite indicator	F	p
S	DBH	1.515	0.250	CW	54.534	<0.001	CP	0.113	0.745	RCD	44.198	<0.001
A		528.915	<0.001		123.204	<0.001		11.448	<0.001		15.682	<0.001
S × A		0.022	0.979		12.430	<0.001		7.991	0.001		6.537	0.004
S	H	0.091	0.770	CL	0.942	0.357	CLE	0.314	0.589	CR	2.181	0.174
A		605.145	<0.001		58.595	<0.001		37.298	<0.001		8.692	0.001
S × A		0.703	0.502		0.534	0.591		6.045	0.005		2.697	0.081
S	V	0.142	0.711	HU	0.911	0.365	CDBK	0.264	0.620	CFR	10.701	0.011
A		331.060	<0.001		244.964	<0.001		23.919	<0.001		6.192	0.005
S × A		0.076	0.927		2.170	0.129		17.075	<0.001		2.708	0.080
S	RDH	0.118	0.739				FT	2.751	0.132	CCSA	28.128	<0.001
A		67.870	<0.001					1.809	0.178		206.807	<0.001
S × A		2.416	0.104					10.795	<0.001		7.695	0.002
S	RDD	7.667	0.022				CD	1.431	0.262	CCV	43.572	<0.001
A		45.213	<0.001					1.763	0.186		83.273	<0.001
S × A		8.941	0.001					10.288	<0.001		11.328	<0.001
S	RHD	8.551	0.017							CEFF	9.720	0.012
A		69.617	<0.001								49.883	<0.001
S × A		1.461	0.245								6.643	0.004