气候变化背景下近30年祁连山高寒荒漠分布时空变化

doi:10.17521/cjpe.2018.0241

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

高寒荒漠作为青藏高原植被带谱的顶端类型广泛分布于祁连山高海拔地区, 其生长和分布条件与周边区域差异明显, 对气候变化的响应更为敏感, 且研究较少。该文利用1990年以来的Landsat TM、OLI数据, 采用决策树分类和人工目视解译方法, 提取了祁连山高寒荒漠的分布范围。结合气候变化情况, 综合分析了气候变化背景下近30年祁连山高寒荒漠分布的动态变化及其时空差异。结果表明: (1)近30年增温气候变化过程中, 祁连山高寒荒漠分布范围呈萎缩趋势, 萎缩速率约为348.3 km ²·a ^-1, 萎缩变化幅度表现为西段>中段>东段, 局部地段上存在扩张现象。上述现象导致高寒荒漠下界平均海拔以每10年约15 m的平均速率向更高海拔推进, 向上推进幅度为西段>东段>中段; (2)受水热条件控制, 近30年祁连山高寒荒漠分布动态变化集中分布在低坡度地区。由于水热背景条件的空间差异, 祁连山东段和中段阳坡上高寒荒漠分布动态变化大于阴坡, 而在祁连山西段表现相反; (3) 1990年以来, 祁连山增温显著, 降水量微弱增加。在气候变化以及区域地形限制共同影响下, 祁连山高寒荒漠分布变化时空差异明显, 且过渡带上归一化植被指数与气温相关性高于降水量。以上结果表明, 气候变化影响祁连山高寒荒漠分布动态变化及其空间差异, 但气温是主要的影响因子, 增温促进了高寒荒漠下接植被带主体高寒草甸的生长。

关键词: 高寒荒漠, 时空差异, 气候变化, 遥感监测, 祁连山

Abstract:

AimsAlpine desert, as the top part of the vertical vegetation spectrum of the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau, is widely distributed in the high altitude zones in the Qilian Mountains (QLM). Its distribution and growth conditions are different from the surrounding area. It is more sensitive to climate change but rarely being studied. In this study, we focused on the dynamic changes and spatiotemporal differences of the alpine desert belt in the QLM under the warming climates from the 1990s to the 2010s.
MethodsThe distribution changes in the alpine desert belt in the QLM during the past three decades were obtained from the thematic mapper and the operational land imager remote sensing digital images by using the decision tree classification and artificial visual interpretation. Spatiotemporal differences of the alpine desert distribution were studied by the overlay analysis. Meanwhile, the relationships between the changes and climates were explored using correlation analysis.
Important findings The results indicated that the alpine desert shrank gradually and lost its area by approximately 348.3 km²·a^-1 in the QLM with climate warming in the past 30 years. The amplitude of the shrinkage increased from east to west. However, its areas expanded in some sections. Collectively, the low boundary of the alpine desert belt moved upwards to higher altitudes at a velocity of 15 m per decade. The maximum upward-‌shifting amplitude lied in the western QLM, followed by the eastern and middle QLM. The vertical zonal shifting was modulated by topography-induced difference in local hydrothermal conditions. The distribution shifts in the alpine desert belt were mainly concentrated in the gentle slope regions. Because of the differences of hydrothermal background, the position shifts were greater in the sunny aspects than in the shady aspects in the eastern and middle QLM, while opposite in the western QLM. The differences in the hydrothermal conditions and regional topography led to the spatiotemporal change differences of the alpine desert distribution. The correlation between the normalized differential vegetation index and climate factors in the transition zone showed that temperature was the main factor affecting the dynamics and spatial differences of the alpine desert belt in the QLM, and climate warming facilitated the alpine meadow below the alpine desert belt by releasing the low temperature limitation on the vegetation growth.

Key words: alpine desert belt, spatiotemproal difference, climate change, remote sensing monitor, Qilian Mountains

张富广, 曾彪, 杨太保. 气候变化背景下近30年祁连山高寒荒漠分布时空变化. 植物生态学报, 2019, 43(4): 305-319. DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2018.0241

ZHANG Fu-Guang, ZENG Biao, YANG Tai-Bao. Spatiotemporal distribution changes in alpine desert belt in Qilian Mountains under climate changes in past 30 years. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 2019, 43(4): 305-319. DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2018.0241

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链接本文: https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/10.17521/cjpe.2018.0241

https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/Y2019/V43/I4/305

图/表 13

图1 祁连山高寒荒漠研究区位置图。

Fig. 1 Study area of the alpine desert belt in the Qilian Mountains.

表1 祁连山高寒荒漠2000-2006年GIMMS NDVI和MODIS NDVI数据一致性检验

Table 1 Correlation analysis of GIMMS NDVI and MODIS NDVI in 2000-2006 of the alpine desert belt in the Qilian Mountains

年份 Year	2000	2001	2002	2003	2004	2005	2006
相关系数Correlation coefficient	0.865^**	0.886^**	0.814^**	0.736^**	0.891^**	0.893^**	0.838^**

图2 1990-2015年祁连山年平均气温和年降水量变化。

Fig. 2 Variations in the annual mean temperature and annual precipitation measured in the Qilian Mountains for 1990-2015.

表2 1990-2015年祁连山高寒荒漠研究区月平均气温(T)和月降水量(P)变化趋势

Table 2 Monthly mean air temperature (T) and precipitation (P) trends of the alpine desert belt in the Qilian Mountains during 1990-2015

	东段 Eastern		中段 Middle		西段 Western
	T	P	T	P	T	P
1月 Jan.	0.022	0.016	0.053	-0.020	0.006	0.006
2月 Feb.	0.055	-0.021	0.088	0.070	0.059	0.018
3月 Mar.	0.051	-0.084	0.023	-0.185	0.041	-0.185
4月 Apr.	0.082^*	-0.406	0.067	-0.030	0.067	0.053
5月 May	0.061^*	0.273	0.050^*	0.860^*	0.059^*	0.464^*
6月 June	0.057^**	0.357	0.052^**	0.540	0.042^*	0.653
7月 July	0.044^*	-0.691	0.061^*	0.383	0.059	0.295
8月 Aug.	0.040^*	1.020	0.070^**	0.731	0.075^**	-0.102
9月 Sept.	0.030	1.633^*	0.040	1.327^**	0.022	0.479
10月 Oct.	0.072^**	0.492	0.074^**	0.133	0.071^**	0.112
11月 Nov.	-0.002	0.130	0.012	0.007	0.023	-0.110
12月 Dec.	-0.045^*	0.048	0.013	-0.008	-0.007	0.037

图3 1990S、2000S和2010S祁连山高寒荒漠分布变化。1990S、2000S、2010S分别表示1990-1999、2000-2009、2010-2015三个年代际祁连山区高寒荒漠的稳定分布范围。

Fig. 3 Distribution range of the alpine desert in the Qilian Mountains (QLM) in the 1990S, 2000S, and 2010S, respectively. 1990S, 2000S, 2010S indicate the stable distribution range of the alpine desert in 1990-1999, 2000-2009, 2010-2015, respectively.

表3 1990S、2000S和2010S祁连山区高寒荒漠分布面积变化

Table 3 Area change in alpine deserts distribution in the Qilian Mountains (QLM) in the 1990S、2000S and 2010S

		年代 Years
		1990S	2000S	2010S
祁连山区 QLM	高寒荒漠面积 Alpine desert area (km²)	53 061.69	47 135.91	42 569.46
	萎缩量 Shrunk area of the alpine desert (km²)	5 925.79	4 566.45	-
	面积变化率 Area change ratio of the alpine desert	0.11	0.10	-
东段 Eastern	高寒荒漠面积 Alpine desert area (km²)	1 926.49	1 805.77	1 720.33
	萎缩量 Shrunk area of the alpine desert (km²)	120.72	85.44	-
	面积变化率 Area change ratio of the alpine desert	0.06	0.05	-
中段 Middle	高寒荒漠面积 Alpine desert area (km²)	15 221.68	14 019.75	11 710.50
	萎缩量 Shrunk area of the alpine desert (km²)	1 201.92	2 309.26	-
	面积变化率 Area change ratio of the alpine desert	0.08	0.16	-
西段 Western	高寒荒漠面积 Alpine desert area (km²)	35 936.33	31 310.39	29 138.63
	萎缩量 Shrunk area of the alpine desert (km²)	4 625.94	2 171.75	-
	面积变化率 Area change ratio of the alpine desert	0.13	0.07	-

图4 1990S、2000S、2010S祁连山高寒荒漠在不同海拔高度带上的变化。1990S、2000S、2010S同图3。

Fig. 4 Changes in the distribution of the alpine desert at different elevations in the Qilian Mountains in the 1990S, 2000S and 2010s. The meanings of 1990S, 2000S, 2010S are shown in Fig. 3.

表4 1990S、2000S和2010S祁连山高寒荒漠下界平均海拔变化

Table 4 Average elevation of the lower boundary of the alpine deserts in the Qilian Mountains in the 1990S、2000S and 2010S.

年代 Years	东段 Eastern		中段 Middle		西段 Western
年代 Years	下界平均海拔 Average elevation (m)	向上推进 Upward moving (m)	下界平均海拔 Average elevation (m)	向上推进 Upward moving (m)	下界平均海拔 Average elevation (m)	向上推进 Upward moving (m)
1990S	3 914.45		4 042.80		4 159.05
		33.83		8.25		59.51
2000S	3 948.28		4 051.05		4 218.56
		6.40		26.97		3.31
2010S	3 954.68		4 078.02		4 221.87
总计 Sum		40.23		35.22		62.82

图5 1990S、2000S、2010S祁连山高寒荒漠在不同坡度带上的变化。1990S、2000S、2010S同图3。

Fig. 5 Changes in the distribution of the alpine desert at different slopes in the Qilian Mountains in the 1990S、2000S and 2010S. The meanings of 1990S, 2000S, 2010S are shown in Fig. 3.

图6 1990S、2000S和2010S祁连山高寒荒漠在不同坡向上的变化。1990S、2000S、2010S同图3。

Fig. 6 Changes in the distribution of the alpine desert at different aspects in the Qilian Mountains in the 1990S, 2000S and 2010S. The meanings of 1990S, 2000S, 2010S are shown in Fig. 3.

图7 1990-2015年祁连山东段、中段和西段高寒草甸带-高寒荒漠带间过渡带归一化植被指数最大值(NDVImax)变化。

Fig. 7 Variations of maximun normalized differential vegetation index (NDVImax) in the transition zone between alpine meadow and alpine desert belt in the Qilian Mountains for 1990-2015.

表5 1990-2015年祁连山高寒草甸带-高寒荒漠带间过渡带上归一化植被指数(NDVI)与平均气温(T)和降水量(P)相关关系

Table 5 Correlation between climatic variables and normalized differential vegetation index (NDVI) in the transition zone between alpine meadow and alpine desert belt in the Qilian Mountains from 1990 to 2015

	相关分析 Correlation coefficient		偏相关 Partial correlation coefficient		复相关 Complex correlation coefficient
	T	P	T/P	P/T
东段 Eastern	0.848^**	0.806^**	0.518^**	0.292^**	0.862^**
中段 Middle	0.649^**	0.638^**	0.265^**	0.215^**	0.669^**
西段 Western	0.587^**	0.564^**	0.246^**	0.160^**	0.600^**

表6 祁连山高寒荒漠下界分布变化与气候变化间的非线性关系

Table 6 Nonlinear relationship between distribution of the lower boundary of the alpine desert and climatic variables in the Qilian Mountains from 1990 to 2015

	气温垂直递减率 Vertical lapse rate of temperature (℃·100 m^-1)	1990-2015增温幅度 Warming temperature (℃)	等效向上推进高度 Equivalent upward moving (m)	实际向上推进高度 Actual upward moving (m)	过渡带上平均坡度 Average slope (°)
东段 Eastern	0.53	1.12	211.32	40.23	26.76
中段 Middle	0.49	1.26	257.14	35.22	18.06
西段 Western	0.51	0.50	98.04	60.82	13.60

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