三峡水库消落区4种一年生植物种子的水淹耐受性及水淹对其种子萌发的影响

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1258.2011.00237

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

稗(Echinochloa crusgalli)、苍耳(Xanthium sibiricum)、合萌(Aeschynomene indica)和水蓼(Polygonum hydropiper)是三峡水库消落区常见的4种一年生植物。该研究旨在验证这4种植物的种子能否耐受三峡水库消落区的水淹环境及种子在消落区变化的环境中能否成功地萌发。将消落区按照吴淞高程标准划分为9个高程梯度(145-150 m、150-155 m、155-160 m、160-163 m、163-166 m、166-169 m、169-172 m、172-175 m和>175 m), 实地播种这4种植物的种子(或果实), 并将种子萌发划分为“有泥沙淤积于种子表面”和“无泥沙淤积于种子表面” 2组。观察在消落区水位变化(蓄水到退水)一个周期内种子能否耐受水淹及水淹对不同高程种子萌发的影响。结果发现: (1)稗、苍耳、合萌和水蓼的成熟种子(或果实)能够耐受三峡水库消落区的水淹环境并保持活力。(2)这4种一年生植物种子的萌发起始时间和萌发持续时间都随着高程的降低而逐渐缩短(p < 0.01); 高程169 m以下, 种子萌发的起始时间显著缩短(p < 0.01)。总体来看, 在同一高程区域内, 合萌种子的萌发起始时间略长一些, 苍耳次之, 水蓼最短。(3)对稗、苍耳和水蓼的种子而言, 萌发率随高程的降低总体上呈现先上升后下降的趋势。合萌的种子萌发率随高程的降低总体呈下降的趋势。(4)水淹过程中产生的泥沙淤积对种子萌发影响较小, 但是在一定程度上可以促进苍耳的种子萌发而抑制合萌的种子萌发。以上试验结果表明: 这4种一年生植物的种子(或果实)在三峡水库消落区变化环境中能够耐受水淹并成功地萌发, 可应用于三峡水库消落区的植被恢复和生态重建中。

关键词: 合萌, 稗, 水蓼, 植被恢复, 种子萌发, 水淹, 耐受, 苍耳

Abstract:

Aims Our objective was to examine seeds of Echinochloa crusgalli, Xanthium sibiricum, Aeschynomene indica and Polygonum hydropiper, four common annual species growing in the water-level-fluctuation zone of Three Gorges Reservoir in China, in regard to tolerance of submergence and germination in the changing environment of the zone.
Methods We divided the water-level-fluctuation zone into nine elevational zones according to the Wusong Elevation criterion. We then observed seed submergence tolerance and the effects of submergence on seed germination in a “water impoundment-water recession” cycle after seeds of the four species were sown in the nine elevational zones. Seed germination was divided into seeds with and without sand sediment on surface.
Important findings Ripe seeds (or fruits) of the four species kept their vitality after submergence. The starting time for seed germination after the end of submergence and seed germination duration both gradually decreased with decreasing elevation (p < 0.01), and the starting time for seed germination was significantly reduced below 169 m (p < 0.01). Overall, within the same elevational zone, the starting time for seed germination after the end of submergence was longest for A. indica, followed by X. sibiricum, and shortest for P. hydropiper. For E. crusgalli, X. sibiricum and P. hydropiper, seed germination percentage first increased and then decreased with decreasing elevation, while it decreased for A. indica. Sand sedimentation had little effect on seed germination; the effect was positive for X. sibiricum and negative for A. indica. We concluded that seeds (or fruits) of the four annuals can tolerate submergence and germinate successfully in the changing environment of water-level-fluctuation zone. Therefore, these species are useful in the revegetation and restoration of this zone of the Three Gorges Reservoir.

Key words: Aeschynomene indica, Echinochloa crusgalli, Polygonum hydropiper, revegetation, seed germination, submergence, tolerance, Xanthium sibiricum

申建红, 曾波, 类淑桐, 苏晓磊, 黄文军. 三峡水库消落区4种一年生植物种子的水淹耐受性及水淹对其种子萌发的影响. 植物生态学报, 2011, 35(3): 237-246. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1258.2011.00237

SHEN Jian-Hong, ZENG Bo, LEI Shu-Tong, SU Xiao-Lei, HUANG Wen-Jun. Seed submergence tolerance of four annual species growing in the water-level-fluctuation zone of Three Gorges Reservoir, China, and effects of long-term submergence on their seed germination. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 2011, 35(3): 237-246. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1258.2011.00237

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图/表 6

图1 2008年9月15日到2009年9月15日三峡水库忠县段水位及气温的变化。

Fig. 1 Variation of water level and air temperature at Zhongxian County section of Three Gorges Reservoir between September 15th, 2008 and September 15th, 2009.

表1 2008年三峡水库蓄水后消落区忠县段不同高程的水淹日期、出水日期和水淹天数

Table 1 Water impoundment date, water recession date and submergence duration of different elevations in water-level-fluctuation zone at Zhongxian County section after tentative water impoundment of Three Gorges Reservoir in 2008

高程 Elevation (m)	145-150	150-155	155-160	160-163	163-166	166-169	169-172	172-175	>175
水淹日期 Water impoundment date	2008-09-28	2008-09-30	2008-10-05	2008-10-24	2008-10-29	2008-11-01	2008-11-03	2008-11-05	-
出水日期 Water recession date	2009-06-19	2009-06-01	2009-05-21	2009-04-30	2009-03-10	2009-02-24	2009-01-31	2008-11-20	-
水淹天数 Submergence duration (d)	245-270	228-245	189-228	133-189	116-133	91-116	17-91	0-17	0

表2 不同高程稗、苍耳、合萌和水蓼的种子萌发起动日期

Table 2 The starting date for seed germination of Echinochloa crusgalli, Xanthium sibiricum, Aeschynomene indica and Polygonum hydropiper at different elevations

高程 Elevation (m)	种子出水日期 Water recession date	稗 E. crusgalli		苍耳 X. sibiricum		合萌 A. indica		水蓼 P. hydropiper
高程 Elevation (m)	种子出水日期 Water recession date	WT	YT	WT	YT	WT	YT	WT	YT
>175	2008-11-06	2009-03-10	2009-03-30	2009-03-28	2009-03-25	2009-04-01	-	2008-12-29	-
172-175	2008-11-12	2009-03-03	2009-03-02	2009-03-19	2009-03-20	2009-04-11	2009-04-11	2008-12-31	2008-12-31
169-172	2008-12-02	2009-02-25	2009-02-25	2009-03-04	2009-03-02	2009-04-04	2009-04-02	2009-01-06	2009-01-06
166-169	2009-02-20	2009-03-11	2009-03-11	2009-03-18	2009-03-18	2009-03-24	2009-03-26	2009-03-06	2009-03-06
163-166	2009-03-01	2009-03-14	2009-03-15	2009-03-14	2009-03-14	2009-03-28	2009-04-01	2009-03-11	2009-03-11
160-163	2009-03-28	2009-04-10	2009-04-14	2009-04-06	2009-04-11	2009-04-25	2009-04-26	2009-04-04	2009-04-04
155-160	2009-05-01	2009-05-08	2009-05-07	2009-05-04	2009-05-05	2009-05-15	2009-05-15	2009-05-08	2009-05-08
150-155	2009-05-29	2009-06-08	2009-06-06	2009-06-02	2009-06-04	2009-06-09	2009-06-08	2009-06-08	2009-06-04
145-150	2009-06-06	2009-06-13	2009-06-13	2009-06-17	2009-06-16	2009-06-13	2009-06-15	2009-06-15	2009-06-13

图2 不同高程稗(A)、苍耳(B)、合萌(C)和水蓼(D)的种子萌发起始时间和种子萌发持续时间(平均值±标准误差)。WD, 无泥沙淤积种子萌发持续时间; WS, 无泥沙淤积种子萌发起始时间; YD, 有泥沙淤积种子萌发持续时间; YS, 有泥沙淤积种子萌发起始时间。

Fig. 2 Starting time for seed germination after the end of submergence and seed germination duration (mean ± SE) of Echinochloa crusgalli (A), Xanthium sibiricum (B), Aeschynomene indica (C) and Polygonum hydropiper (D) at different elevations. WD, seed germination duration without sand sediment on surface; WS, starting time for seed germination after the end of submergence without sand sediment on surface; YD, seed germination duration with sand sediment on surface; YS, starting time for seed germination after the end of submergence with sand sediment on surface.

图3 同一高程稗、苍耳、合萌和水蓼的种子萌发起始时间和种子萌发持续时间(平均值±标准误差)。WD, 无泥沙淤积种子萌发持续时间; WS, 无泥沙淤积种子萌发起始时间; YD, 有泥沙淤积种子萌发持续时间; YS, 有泥沙淤积种子萌发起始时间。

Fig. 3 Starting time for seed germination after the end of submergence and seed germination duration (mean ± SE) of Echinochloa crusgalli, Xanthium sibiricum, Aeschynomene indica and Polygonum hydropiper at the same elevation. WD, seed germination duration without sand sediment on surface; WS, starting time for seed germination after the end of submergence without sand sediment on surface; YD, seed germination duration with sand sediment on surface; YS, starting time for seed germination after the end of submergence with sand sediment on surface.

图4 不同高程稗(A)、苍耳(B)、合萌(C)和水蓼(D)的种子萌发率(平均值±标准误差)。

Fig. 4 Seed germination percentage (mean ± SE) of Echinochloa crusgalli (A), Xanthium sibiricum (B), Aeschynomene indica (C) and Polygonum hydropiper (D) at different elevations.

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