温带荒漠中温度和土壤水分对土壤呼吸的影响

doi:10.3773/j.issn.1005-264x.2009.05.013

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

荒漠对气候变化具有高度敏感性, 深刻认识和量化非生物因子对荒漠生态系统土壤呼吸的影响具有重要意义。采用自动CO₂通量系统(Li-8100)监测了梭梭(Haloxylon ammodendron)、假木贼(Anabasis aphylla)和盐穗木(Halostachys caspica)群落生长季土壤呼吸及温度、土壤含水量等, 深入分析了水热因子对土壤呼吸的影响。土壤呼吸具有不对称的日格局, 最小值出现在8:00, 最大值在12:00~14:00。土壤呼吸的季节格局与气温变化基本同步, 最小值在生长季末期(10月), 最大值在生长季中期(6~7月)。梭梭、假木贼和盐穗木群落生长季平均土壤呼吸速率分别为0.76、0.52和0.46 μmol CO₂·m^-2·s^-1。气温对假木贼(51%)和盐穗木群落(65%)土壤呼吸季节变化的解释率高于梭梭(35%)。梭梭、假木贼和盐穗木群落土壤呼吸温度敏感性(Q₁₀)逐渐增大, 基础呼吸速率(R₁₀)逐渐减小。剔除温度影响后, 梭梭、假木贼群落土壤呼吸与土壤含水量呈显著的幂二次方函数关系, 盐穗木群落两者关系却明显减弱, 未达到显著水平。气温、土壤含水量的二元方程均能解释群落土壤呼吸大部分的时间变异: 梭梭群落71%~93%、假木贼群落79%~82%、盐穗木群落70%~80%。人工模拟降水后土壤呼吸速率表现出降水后10 min减小、180 min时明显增加、达到最大值后再次衰减的现象。5和2.5 mm降水处理下的土壤呼吸速率最大值和其后的递减值高于对照处理, 土壤呼吸增加、达到峰值和其后递减过程与5 cm土壤温度变化基本同步。

关键词: 土壤呼吸, 温度, 土壤含水量, 人工降水, 荒漠, 干旱区

Abstract:

Aims Our objective was to determine the impact of temperature and soil water content on soil respiration in Haloxylon ammodendron, Anabasis aphylla and Halostachys caspica desert communities.
Methods We measured soil respiration in the 2005 and 2006 growing seasons using an automated CO₂ efflux system (Li-Cor 8100). Air temperature (at 50 cm in height) and soil temperature (every 5 cm from 0 to 50 cm depth) were monitored at three points adjacent to the chamber using a digital thermometer at each site. Gravimetric soil moisture at 0-5, 5-15, 15-30, and 30-50 cm depths at three points was measured using the oven-drying method at 105 °C for 48 h. Water was added for artificial precipitation using plastic watering cans.
Important findings Soil respiration showed an asymmetric daytime pattern, with the minimum at 8:00 and the maximum at 12:00-14:00. The seasonal variation of soil respiration was characterized by a minimum in October and a maximum in June or July, which generally followed that of air temperature. The mean soil respiration rate in the growing season was 0.76, 0.52 and 0.46 μmol CO₂·m^-2·s^-1 in Haloxylon ammodendron, Anabasis aphylla and Halostachys caspica communities, respectively. Air temperature explained >35%, 51% and 65% of seasonal variations of soil respiration in Haloxylon ammodendron, Anabasis aphylla and Halostachys caspica communities, respectively. Q₁₀ values increased in Haloxylon ammodendron (1.35), Anabasis aphylla (1.41) and Halostachys caspica (1.52) communities, and R₁₀ decreased 0.45, 0.30 and 0.22 μmol CO₂·m^-2·s^-1 in each site, respectively. Significant power and quadratic relationships existed between normalized soil respiration and soil water content in the Haloxylon ammodendron and Anabasis aphylla communities, but not in the Halostachys caspica community. Two-dimensional equations based on temperature and soil water content explained most of temporal variations of soil respiration: 71%-93% in Haloxylon ammodendron, 79%-82% in Anabasis aphylla and 70%-80% in Halostachys caspica. Following artificial precipitation, the rate of soil respiration decreased, increased and then quickly decreased again, a pattern consistent with changes in soil temperature.

Key words: soil respiration, temperature, soil water content, artificial precipitation, desert, arid region

张丽华, 陈亚宁, 赵锐锋, 李卫红. 温带荒漠中温度和土壤水分对土壤呼吸的影响. 植物生态学报, 2009, 33(5): 936-949. DOI: 10.3773/j.issn.1005-264x.2009.05.013

ZHANG Li-Hua, CHEN Ya-Ning, ZHAO Rui-Feng, LI Wei-Hong. IMPACT OF TEMPERATURE AND SOIL WATER CONTENT ON SOIL RESPIRATION IN TEMPERATE DESERTS, CHINA. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 2009, 33(5): 936-949. DOI: 10.3773/j.issn.1005-264x.2009.05.013

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链接本文: https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/10.3773/j.issn.1005-264x.2009.05.013

https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/Y2009/V33/I5/936

图/表 10

图1 研究区位置和不同群落样地分布图

Fig. 1 Location of study area and sample scheme of three different communities

表1 3种群落土壤养分和盐分特征

Table 1 Soil nutrient and salinity properties at three communities

群落 Community	有机碳 Organic carbon (g·kg^-1)	有机质 Organic matter (g·kg^-1)	全氮 Total N (g·kg^-1)	全磷 Total P (g·kg^-1)	全钾 Total K (g·kg^-1)	速效氮Available N (mg·kg^-1)	速效磷 Available P (mg·kg^-1)	速效钾 Available K (mg·kg^-1)	pH 1:5	电导率 Electric conductivity (ms·cm^-1)	全盐 Total salinity (g·kg^-1)
梭梭 Haloxylon ammodendron	3.153	5.436	0.278	0.687	19.166	11.385	3.670	241.000	9.090	0.616	2.157
假木贼 Anabasis aphylla	3.037	5.236	0.290	0.663	19.218	11.183	2.039	132.900	8.341	0.784	3.295
盐穗木 Halostachys caspica	3.361	5.795	0.326	0.758	20.692	9.869	5.901	129.100	8.125	1.923	6.788

图2 梭梭群落(a、b)、假木贼群落(c、d)和盐穗木群落(e、f)在2006年6月和9月的土壤呼吸速率(Rs)、5 cm土壤温度(T5)和气温(Ta)的日变化(数据点是观测时段的平均值和标准误差, 土壤呼吸重复数n=5, 温度重复数n=3)

Fig. 2 Diurnal variations of soil respiration rate (Rs) and temperature (T5: soil temperature at 5 cm depth, Ta: air temperature) of Haloxylon ammodendron (a, b), Anabasis aphylla (c, d) and Halostachys caspica community (e, f) in June and September, 2006. Error bars represent means±SE (n=5 for soil respiration rate, n=3 for temperature)

图3 气温(Ta)、0~5 cm平均土壤含水量(Ws)和土壤呼吸速率(Rs)的季节变化(平均值±标准误差, n=7)

Fig. 3 Seasonal variations of (a) air temperature (Ta), (b) soil water content over 0-5 cm depth (Ws) and (c) soil respiration rate (Rs) (mean±SE, n=7)

图4 采用指数方程对土壤呼吸(Rs)与气温(Ta)间关系的拟合 a: 梭梭群落 Haloxylon ammodendron community b: 假木贼群落 Anabasis aphylla community c: 盐穗木群落 Halostachys caspica d: 3种群落的综合数据 All data of three communities 每一个数据点是当日观测的平均值 Each value in the plot represents the average value of each site on measurement day

Fig. 4 Relationships between soil respiration rate (Rs) and air temperature (Ta) fitted with an exponential model

表2 土壤呼吸(Rs)及标准化到10 ℃时的土壤呼吸速率(Rs10)与0~5 cm土壤含水量间的拟合

Table 2 Fitted equations of Rs and Rs10 (normalized soil respiration using the fit of Q10 function at 10 °C Ts) against W0-5 cm, respectively

群落 Community	样本数 n	Rs-Ws (实测土壤呼吸 For all measured efflux)	R²	p	Rs₁₀-Ws (标准化到10℃的土壤呼吸 For efflux at 10 °C)	R²	p
梭梭 Haloxylon ammodendron	12	Rs=0.528+0.04Ws	0.08	0.373	Rs=0.175+0.05Ws	0.50	0.010
	12	Rs=0.439Ws^0.276	0.07	0.412	Rs=0.154Ws^0.624	0.55	0.006
	12	Rs=0.185+0.16Ws-0.009Ws²	0.09	0.642	Rs=0.022+0.104Ws-0.004Ws²	0.51	0.040
假木贼 Anabasis aphylla	12	Rs=0.416+0.011Ws	0.11	0.300	Rs=0.197+0.011Ws	0.57	0.004
	12	Rs=0.302Ws^0.227	0.11	0.291	Rs=0.141Ws^0.341	0.51	0.010
	12	Rs=0.126+0.077Ws-0.003Ws²	0.24	0.294	Rs=0.165+0.018Ws-0.0003Ws²	0.58	0.020
盐穗木 Halostachys caspica	12	Rs=0.415+0.004Ws	0.02	0.680	Rs=0.184+0.003Ws	0.15	0.206
	12	Rs=0.292Ws^0.165	0.05	0.507	Rs=0.122Ws^0.246	0.28	0.075
	12	Rs=-0.182+0.11Ws-0.004Ws²	0.63	0.012	Rs=0.045+0.028Ws-0.001Ws²	0.48	0.053
综合 Total	36	Rs=0.62-0.005Ws	0.01	0.576	Rs=0.349-0.001Ws	0.002	0.764
	36	Rs=0.579Ws^-0.045	0.003	0.744	Rs=0.318Ws^-0.012	0.000 3	0.922
	36	Rs=0.419+0.04Ws-0.002Ws²	0.05	0.400	Rs=0.25+0.021Ws-0.001Ws²	0.04	0.538

图5 采用Q10函数标准化到10 ℃的土壤呼吸速率与0~5 cm土壤含水量的拟合关系实线代表回归拟合曲线 The solid line was the fitted regression line a、b、c、d: 同图4 See Fig. 4

Fig. 5 Relationships between the normalized soil respiration rate (Rs10) using the fit of the Q10 function with 10 ℃ Ts and soil water content (Ws) at the depth of 0-5 cm

表3 土壤呼吸(Rs)与气温(Ta)、0~5 cm土壤含水量(Wo0-5)的回归方程

Table.3 Table 3 Regression equations on soil respiration rate (Rs) against air temperature (Ta) and soil water content at 0- 5 cm depth (Wo0-5)

图6 模拟降水后, 假木贼(a、c、e)、盐穗木(b、d、f)群落土壤呼吸速率、0~10 cm土壤含水量和5 cm土壤温度随时间变化 (平均值±标准误差, n=3)

Fig. 6 Soil respiration rate, soil water content at 0-10 cm and soil temperature at 5 cm depth following rainfall additions in Anabasis aphylla (a, c, e) and Halostachys caspica communities (b, d, f) (mean±SE, n=3)

图7 2006年雨天梭梭(a)、假木贼(b、c)群落土壤呼吸速率、气温和地表温度的日变化数据是观测时段的平均值, 土壤呼吸速率重复次数n=5, 温度重复次数n=3 Data are mean value on every sampling period (n=5 for soil respiration rate, n=3 for temperature)

Fig. 7 Diurnal variations of soil respiration rate, air temperature and soil temperature at 0 cm depth on rainy days in 2006 in Haloxylon ammodendron (a) and Anabasis aphylla communities (b and c)

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