西双版纳不同海拔热带雨林凋落量变化研究

doi:10.17521/cjpe.2005.0126

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

在3个海拔梯度(600、1 100和1 600 m)选取8块热带雨林样地,研究了印度季风环境下西双版纳热带季节雨林和山地雨林的凋落动态随海拔的变化及其与气候的关系。在3个梯度上,年平均温度分别为22.1、20.1和16.6 ℃,年平均温度递减率为-0.005 3 ℃·m^-1。随海拔增加,年平均降雨量增加(分别为1 532、1 659和2 011 mm),但旱季的降雨量基本相同(282~295 mm);年蒸发量变化较小(分别为1 369、1 374和1 330 mm);年平均空气相对湿度降低(分别为86%、81%和84%),旱季后期湿度降低更明显;样地土壤含水显著增加。热带季节雨林凋落量(1 072~1 285 g·m^-2·a^-1)显著高于热带山地雨林凋落量(718~1 014 g·m^-2·a^-1)。凋落量和凋落进程变异系数与海拔之间存在线性显著负相关,凋落量与温度线性显著正相关而与降雨量显著负相关。旱季凋落高峰受到空气相对湿度和土壤含水量影响,随海拔增加空气相对湿度降低使得海拔1 105~1 720 m的凋落高峰提前,但土壤含水量继续增加又会使凋落高峰推后。研究结果得出:1)热带季节雨林凋落量与东南亚热带潮湿雨林相近;2)旱季水分限制随海拔增加而变化,影响凋落高峰出现时间;3)随海拔增加,热带山地雨林凋落年进程由季节性向平稳过渡。

关键词: 凋落物, 热带雨林, 热带山地雨林, 印度季风, 西双版纳

Abstract:

To assess the effects of the Indo monsoon on litterfall dynamics and changes of litterfall along altitudinal gradients in the tropical rain forests of southwestern China, eight plots were chosen along three elevational gradients of 600, 1 100 and 1 600 m in Xishuangbanna, China. We examined the relationship between litterfall dynamics and climate, and their changes with increasing altitude. On three gradients, average annual temperature was 22.1, 20.1 and 16.6 ℃ respectively, with a mean lapse rate of -0.005 3 ℃ m^-1. With increasing altitude, annual average rainfall increased (1 532, 1 659 and 2 011 mm, respectively), while in the dry season they were similar (282-295 mm); evaporation changed slightly (1 369, 1 374 and 1 330 mm, respectively); annual average relative humidity decreased (86%, 81% and 84%, respectively) and was much more pronounced in the late dry season; and soil water content increased significantly. Litterfall production of tropical seasonal rain forest (1 072 to 1 285 g·m^-2·a^-1) was higher than in the tropical montane rain forest (718 to 1 014 g·m^-2·a^-1). Both litterfall production and CV of annual litterfall processes had a significant and negative linear relationship with altitude. Litterfall production had a significant and positive linear relationship with temperature and was inversely related to rainfall. Peak litterfall during the dry season was influenced by relative air humidity and soil water content. Peak litterfall occurred earlier in the dry season at altitudes of 1 100 to 1 720 m due to decreasing humidity with altitude whereas at higher sites (1 820 m), increasing soil moisture levels delayed the litterfall peak. Our results suggested that 1) litterfall production of the tropical seasonal rain forest coincided with those of moist tropical rain forests in Southeast Asia; 2) water stress in the dry season changed with altitude and determined the timing of peak litterfall; and 3) with increasing altitude, there was a transition from seasonality to stability in annual litterfall process.

Key words: Litterfall, Tropical rain forest, Tropical montane rain forest, Indo monsoon, Xishuangbanna

郑征, 李佑荣, 刘宏茂, 冯志立, 甘建民, 孔维静. 西双版纳不同海拔热带雨林凋落量变化研究. 植物生态学报, 2005, 29(6): 884-893. DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2005.0126

ZHENG Zheng, LI You-Rong, LIU Hong-Mao, FENG Zhi-Li, GAN Jian-Min, KONG Wei-Jing. LITTERFALL OF TROPICAL RAIN FORESTS AT DIFFERENT ALTITUDES, XISHUANGBANNA, SOUTHWEST CHINA. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 2005, 29(6): 884-893. DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2005.0126

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https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/Y2005/V29/I6/884

图/表 10

参考文献 27

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森林类型 Forest type	地点 Site	样地 Plot	位置 Location	海拔 Altitude (m)	样地面积 Plot area (m²)	林冠高度 Canopy height (m)	观测时间 Observed time
季节雨林 Seasonal rain forest	勐仑 Menglun	ML₁	21°56'03″ N, 101°11'37″ E	625	2 500	48	1999~2003
		ML₂	21°56' N, 101°11' E	650	2 500	45	1988~1991
	补蚌 Bubeng	BB	21°37' N, 101°35' E	680	2 500	60	1991~1992
山地雨林 Montane rain forest	象明 Xiangming	XM	22°06'10″ N, 101°20'29″ E	1 105	2 500	30	1999~2003
	勐宋 Mengsong	MS₁	21°29'35″ N, 100°30'27″ E	1 610	2 500	30	1999~2003
		MS₂	21°30'38″ N, 100°30'03″ E	1 720	2 500	30	1999~2003
		MS₃	21°30'38″ N, 100°30'10″ E	1 720	2 500	30	2002~2003
		MS₄	21°30'47″ N, 100°29'54″ E	1 820	2 500	25	2002~2003

森林类型 Forest type	地点 Site	样地 Plot	位置 Location	海拔 Altitude (m)	样地面积 Plot area (m²)	林冠高度 Canopy height (m)	观测时间 Observed time
季节雨林 Seasonal rain forest	勐仑 Menglun	ML₁	21°56'03″ N, 101°11'37″ E	625	2 500	48	1999~2003
		ML₂	21°56' N, 101°11' E	650	2 500	45	1988~1991
	补蚌 Bubeng	BB	21°37' N, 101°35' E	680	2 500	60	1991~1992
山地雨林 Montane rain forest	象明 Xiangming	XM	22°06'10″ N, 101°20'29″ E	1 105	2 500	30	1999~2003
	勐宋 Mengsong	MS₁	21°29'35″ N, 100°30'27″ E	1 610	2 500	30	1999~2003
		MS₂	21°30'38″ N, 100°30'03″ E	1 720	2 500	30	1999~2003
		MS₃	21°30'38″ N, 100°30'10″ E	1 720	2 500	30	2002~2003
		MS₄	21°30'47″ N, 100°29'54″ E	1 820	2 500	25	2002~2003

地点 Site	位置 Location	海拔 Altitude (m)	年平均温度 Mean annual temperature (℃)	年平均最高温度 Mean annual maximum temperature(℃)	年平均最低温度 Mean annual minimum temperature(℃)	年平均降雨量 Mean annual rainfall (mm)	干季降雨量 Rainfall in the dry season (mm)	年平均蒸发量 Mean annual evaporation (mm)	年平均相对湿度 Mean annual relative humidity(%)
勐仑 Menglun	21°56' N, 101°11' E	570	22.1	29.5	18.4	1 531.7	289.5	1 369.4	85.9
象明 Xiangming	22°06' N, 101°20' E	1 105	20.1	26.0	16.3	1 658.5	295.0	1 373.6	80.9
勐宋 Mengsong	21°29' N, 100°30' E	1 610	16.6	21.9	12.8	2 011.1	282.4	1 329.7	83.6

地点 Site	位置 Location	海拔 Altitude (m)	年平均温度 Mean annual temperature (℃)	年平均最高温度 Mean annual maximum temperature(℃)	年平均最低温度 Mean annual minimum temperature(℃)	年平均降雨量 Mean annual rainfall (mm)	干季降雨量 Rainfall in the dry season (mm)	年平均蒸发量 Mean annual evaporation (mm)	年平均相对湿度 Mean annual relative humidity(%)
勐仑 Menglun	21°56' N, 101°11' E	570	22.1	29.5	18.4	1 531.7	289.5	1 369.4	85.9
象明 Xiangming	22°06' N, 101°20' E	1 105	20.1	26.0	16.3	1 658.5	295.0	1 373.6	80.9
勐宋 Mengsong	21°29' N, 100°30' E	1 610	16.6	21.9	12.8	2 011.1	282.4	1 329.7	83.6

变量 Dependent	截距 Intercept	斜率 Slope	R²	n
年平均温度Mean annual temperature (℃)	25.374	-0.005 3	0.970 4	3
年平均最高温度Mean annual maximum temperature (℃)	33.933	-0.007 4	0.997 1^*	3
年平均最低温度Mean annual minimum temperature (℃)	21.714	-0.005 4	0.974 6	3
年平均降雨量Mean annual rainfall (mm)	1 231.4	0.458 7	0.922 5	3
年平均蒸发量Mean annual evaporation (mm)	1 397.3	-19.85	0.671 4	3
年平均相对湿度Mean annual relative humidity (%)	85.767	-1.15	0.211 1	3
1月土壤含水量Soil water content in January (%)	4.597 1	5.809 4	0.987 0^**	5
3月土壤含水量Soil water content in March (%)	2.564 8	5.122 8	0.929 5^**	5