冬季土壤呼吸:不可忽视的地气CO2交换过程

doi:10.17521/cjpe.2007.0048

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

冬季土壤呼吸是生态系统释放CO₂的极为重要的组成部分,并显著地影响着碳收支。然而,过去绝大多数工作集中在生长季节土壤呼吸的测定,对年土壤呼吸量的估算大多基于冬季土壤呼吸为零的假设。目前为数不多的研究集中在极地苔原和亚高山,其它植被类型的研究只有零星报道。极地苔原和森林冬季土壤呼吸速率分别为0.002~1.359和0.22~0.67 μmol C·m^-2·s^-1;土壤呼吸的CO₂ 释放量分别为0.55~26.37和22.4~152.0 g C·m^-2,是地气CO₂交换过程中不可忽视的环节。雪是土壤呼吸过程的重要调节者,积雪厚度和覆盖时间的长短均会影响土壤呼吸的强弱;水分的可获取性是重要的限制因素;对于维持活跃的土壤呼吸有一个关键的土壤温度临界值(-7~-5 ℃),低于这个值会因自由水的缺乏而抑制异养微生物的呼吸。如果存在绝缘的积雪层,可溶性碳底物在自由水存在的情况下可控制异养微生物的活力。该文对冬季土壤呼吸的重要性、研究方法、土壤呼吸强度及其影响机制等进行了综述,并讨论了冬季土壤呼吸研究中存在的问题及未来研究方向。

关键词: 冬季土壤呼吸, 碳收支, 雪, 冻原, 森林

Abstract:

Winter CO₂ efflux from soils is a significant component of annual carbon budgets and can greatly determine carbon balance of ecosystems. However, present estimates of annual soil respiration are mostly based on measurements taken during the growing season and assume that microbial respiration in frozen or snow-covered soils is negligible. We analyze methods used, magnitude of winter soil respiration, and influencing factors. There are very few measurements of winter soil respiration except in tundra and alpine ecosystems. Winter CO₂ efflux from soils ranged from 0.002 to 1.359 μmol C·m^-2·s^-1 and 0.22 to 0.67 μmol C·m^-2·s^-1 in tundra and forest ecosystems, respectively. No direct relationship between soil temperature and winter CO₂ efflux from soils was found, but there is a critical threshold for active respiration, typically between -7 and -5 ℃, below which lack of free water limits microbial contributions to winter soil respiration. The depth, timing and duration of snow cover greatly influence the magnitude of winter CO₂ efflux from soils, with water availability an important limiting factor. If insulating snowpack is present, carbon availability also controls heterotrophic activity. We discuss current problems and future research needs.

Key words: winter soil respiration, carbon sequestration, snow, tundra, forest

王娓, 汪涛, 彭书时, 方精云. 冬季土壤呼吸:不可忽视的地气CO₂交换过程. 植物生态学报, 2007, 31(3): 394-402. DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2007.0048

WANG Wei, WANG Tao, PENG Shu-Shi, FANG Jing-Yun. REVIEW OF WINTER CO₂ EFFLUX FROM SOILS: A KEY PROCESS OF CO₂ EXCHANGE BETWEEN SOIL AND ATMOSPHERE. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 2007, 31(3): 394-402. DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2007.0048

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群落类型 Tundra community type	平均土壤呼吸速率 Mean CO₂ efflux (μmol C· m^-2· s^-1)	变化范围 Seasonal range of measurements (μmol C· m^-2· s^-1)	样本数 Number of samples	冬季CO₂排放量 Estimated winter CO₂ efflux rates (g C·m^-2)
草丛(酸性) Tussock (Acidic)	0.68	0.002~1.360	352	20.95
河岸 (河柳) Riparian (Riverside willow)	0.05	0.006~0.420	180	12.82
湿生莎草 Wet sedge	0.05	0.020~0.830	150	12.19
自然河道Natural drifts	0.11	0.003~0.520	119	26.37
石南灌丛Dry heath	0.05	0.002~1.210	92	9.46
水道Water track	0.16	0.066~0.749	30	21.65
草丛 (非酸性) Tussock (Nonacidic)	0.01	0.007~0.082	20	2.10
湿生矮灌丛 Moist dwarf shrub	0.02	0.019~0.088	20	0.55
干扰/再生植被Disturbed/Revegetated	0.03	0.010~0.186	20	4.55
平均Average	0.11	0.002~1.359		12.30

群落类型 Tundra community type	平均土壤呼吸速率 Mean CO₂ efflux (μmol C· m^-2· s^-1)	变化范围 Seasonal range of measurements (μmol C· m^-2· s^-1)	样本数 Number of samples	冬季CO₂排放量 Estimated winter CO₂ efflux rates (g C·m^-2)
草丛(酸性) Tussock (Acidic)	0.68	0.002~1.360	352	20.95
河岸 (河柳) Riparian (Riverside willow)	0.05	0.006~0.420	180	12.82
湿生莎草 Wet sedge	0.05	0.020~0.830	150	12.19
自然河道Natural drifts	0.11	0.003~0.520	119	26.37
石南灌丛Dry heath	0.05	0.002~1.210	92	9.46
水道Water track	0.16	0.066~0.749	30	21.65
草丛 (非酸性) Tussock (Nonacidic)	0.01	0.007~0.082	20	2.10
湿生矮灌丛 Moist dwarf shrub	0.02	0.019~0.088	20	0.55
干扰/再生植被Disturbed/Revegetated	0.03	0.010~0.186	20	4.55
平均Average	0.11	0.002~1.359		12.30

地点 Location	生态系统类型 Ecosystem types	冬季CO₂排放量 Winter CO₂ efflux
美国科罗拉多州Colorado, USA	针叶林Coniferous	143、145 (Monson et al., 2002)
芬兰 Finland	针叶林 Coniferous	60~90 (Suni et al., 2003)
美国科罗拉多州 Colorado, USA	针叶林 Coniferous	45 (Brooks et al., 1999)
美国怀俄明州Wyoming, Glees, USA	针叶林 Coniferous	110 (Sommerfeld et al., 1993)
加拿大 Canada	针叶林 Coniferous	40~55 (Winston et al., 1997)
美国科罗拉多州 Colorado, USA	针叶林 Coniferous	71 (Hubbard et al., 2005)
美国爱达荷州Idoho, USA	针叶林 Coniferous	132 (McDowell et al., 2000)
加拿大 Canada	落叶林 Deciduous	89~132 (Lafleur et al., 2003)
美国科罗拉多州 Colorado, USA	落叶林Deciduous	81 (Brooks et al., 1999)
美国怀俄明州Wyoming, Glees, USA	落叶林Deciduous	152 (Sommerfeld et al., 1993)
日本歧阜县 Gifu Prefecture, Japan	落叶林Deciduous	22.4 (Mariko et al., 2000)

地点 Location	生态系统类型 Ecosystem types	冬季CO₂排放量 Winter CO₂ efflux
美国科罗拉多州Colorado, USA	针叶林Coniferous	143、145 (Monson et al., 2002)
芬兰 Finland	针叶林 Coniferous	60~90 (Suni et al., 2003)
美国科罗拉多州 Colorado, USA	针叶林 Coniferous	45 (Brooks et al., 1999)
美国怀俄明州Wyoming, Glees, USA	针叶林 Coniferous	110 (Sommerfeld et al., 1993)
加拿大 Canada	针叶林 Coniferous	40~55 (Winston et al., 1997)
美国科罗拉多州 Colorado, USA	针叶林 Coniferous	71 (Hubbard et al., 2005)
美国爱达荷州Idoho, USA	针叶林 Coniferous	132 (McDowell et al., 2000)
加拿大 Canada	落叶林 Deciduous	89~132 (Lafleur et al., 2003)
美国科罗拉多州 Colorado, USA	落叶林Deciduous	81 (Brooks et al., 1999)
美国怀俄明州Wyoming, Glees, USA	落叶林Deciduous	152 (Sommerfeld et al., 1993)
日本歧阜县 Gifu Prefecture, Japan	落叶林Deciduous	22.4 (Mariko et al., 2000)

冬季土壤呼吸:不可忽视的地气CO₂交换过程

REVIEW OF WINTER CO₂ EFFLUX FROM SOILS: A KEY PROCESS OF CO₂ EXCHANGE BETWEEN SOIL AND ATMOSPHERE

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