氮沉降对草地凋落物分解的影响研究进展

doi:10.17521/cjpe.2017.0023

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

随着人类干扰和全球变化的加剧, 大气氮沉降量迅速地增加, 对草地生态系统碳循环过程产生了显著影响。凋落物分解是陆地生态系统养分循环的关键过程, 也是土壤碳库的主要来源和维持土壤肥力的基础。凋落物分解深受非生物、生物因子及其交互作用的影响。氮沉降通过影响土壤氮有效性、凋落物产量和质量、土壤生物因子及凋落物分解环境来影响分解。该文综述了氮沉降对草地凋落物分解过程的影响及其机理, 包括对土壤氮有效性,凋落物产量、质量,土壤微生物和酶活性以及凋落物分解环境的影响, 在系统分析国内外研究现状的基础上, 探讨整合了目前氮沉降影响草地凋落物分解的主要研究内容、方向、方法以及存在的主要问题, 并对未来的重点研究方向进行了展望, 以期为深入研究草地生态系统碳循环过程与氮沉降之间的相互作用与反馈机制提供参考。

关键词: 氮沉降, 草地生态系统, 凋落物分解, 凋落物质量, 研究方法

Abstract:

Atmospheric nitrogen deposition has increased in the last several decades due to anthropogenic activities and global changes. Increasing nitrogen deposition has become an important factor regulating carbon cycle in grassland ecosystems. Litter decomposition, a key process of carbon and nutrient cycling in terrestrial ecosystems, is the main source of soil carbon pool and the basis of soil fertility maintenance. Elevated nitrogen deposition could affect litter decomposition by raising soil nitrogen availability, increasing the quantity and quality of litter inputs, and altering soil microorganism and soil conditions. Litter decomposition are complex biological, physical and chemical processes, which were affected by abiotic, biological factors and their interactions. The effects of nitrogen deposition on litter decomposition and the underlying mechanisms were discussed in this paper, including the aspactes of soil nitrogen availability, litter production, litter quality, microclimate, soil microorganism and enzyme activities. The main research contents, directions, methods and existing problems of litter decomposition in grasslands were discussed. We also discussed the prospect of future directions to study the interaction and feedback between nitrogen deposition and grassland ecosystem carbon cycling process.

Key words: nitrogen deposition, grassland ecosystem, litter decomposition, litter quality, research method

杨丽丽, 龚吉蕊, 刘敏, 杨波, 张子荷, 罗亲普, 翟占伟, 潘琰. 氮沉降对草地凋落物分解的影响研究进展. 植物生态学报, 2017, 41(8): 894-913. DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2017.0023

Li-Li YANG, Ji-Rui GONG, Min LIU, Bo YANG, Zi-He ZHANG, Qin-Pu LUO, Zhan-Wei ZHAI, Yan PAN. Advances in the effect of nitrogen deposition on grassland litter decomposition. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 2017, 41(8): 894-913. DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2017.0023

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研究区域 Study area	氮添加浓度 N addition concentration	影响分解的因子 Factors that affect decomposition	参考文献 Reference
新疆阜康荒漠生态站 Fukang Desert Ecological Station of Xinjiang	21 g?m^-2?a^-1	凋落物质量 Litter quality	Zhao et al., 2015a
青藏高原 Qinghai-Xizang Plateau	10 g?m^-2?a^-1	凋落物质量 Litter quality	Zhu et al., 2016a
内蒙古温带草原 Nei Mongol temperate grassland	0-15 g?m^-2?a^-1	凋落物质量 Litter quality	Li et al., 2016
中国南方种植园 China Southern Plantation	0-10 g?m^-2?a^-1	凋落物化学计量、养分释放 Litter stoichiometry and nutrient release	Zhu et al., 2016b
呼伦贝尔草甸草原 Hulunbeier meadow steppe	0-2 g?m^-2?a^-1	凋落物质量 Litter quality	Zhang et al., 2013
英国Silwood公园 British Silwood Park	5.5-330 mg?L^-1	凋落物质量、土壤生物 Litter quality and soil biology	Smith & Bradford, 2003
澳大利亚落基山脉 Australia Rocky Mountains	113-225 mg?L^-1	微生物呼吸、土壤化学计量 Microbial respiration and soil stoichiometry	Finn et al., 2015
加拿大荒废草地 Canadian wasteland	6 g?m^-2?a^-1	温度、凋落物质量 Temperature and litter quality	Henry & Moise, 2015

研究区域 Study area	氮添加浓度 N addition concentration	影响分解的因子 Factors that affect decomposition	参考文献 Reference
新疆阜康荒漠生态站 Fukang Desert Ecological Station of Xinjiang	21 g?m^-2?a^-1	凋落物质量 Litter quality	Zhao et al., 2015a
青藏高原 Qinghai-Xizang Plateau	10 g?m^-2?a^-1	凋落物质量 Litter quality	Zhu et al., 2016a
内蒙古温带草原 Nei Mongol temperate grassland	0-15 g?m^-2?a^-1	凋落物质量 Litter quality	Li et al., 2016
中国南方种植园 China Southern Plantation	0-10 g?m^-2?a^-1	凋落物化学计量、养分释放 Litter stoichiometry and nutrient release	Zhu et al., 2016b
呼伦贝尔草甸草原 Hulunbeier meadow steppe	0-2 g?m^-2?a^-1	凋落物质量 Litter quality	Zhang et al., 2013
英国Silwood公园 British Silwood Park	5.5-330 mg?L^-1	凋落物质量、土壤生物 Litter quality and soil biology	Smith & Bradford, 2003
澳大利亚落基山脉 Australia Rocky Mountains	113-225 mg?L^-1	微生物呼吸、土壤化学计量 Microbial respiration and soil stoichiometry	Finn et al., 2015
加拿大荒废草地 Canadian wasteland	6 g?m^-2?a^-1	温度、凋落物质量 Temperature and litter quality	Henry & Moise, 2015

研究方法 Method	应用原理 Principle of application	特点 Characteristics	参考文献 Reference
凋落物网袋法 Litterbag method	将凋落物装入尼龙网袋并放置于地表土壤中, 测定质量损失 The litter was loaded into a nylon mesh bag and placed in the surface soil to measure the mass loss	最大程度模拟自然分解, 但隔离了部分土壤生物的作用 The maximum degree of simulation of natural decomposition, but with the isolation of some soil organisms	Smith & Bradford, 2003
室内培养法 Indoor culture method	人为控制各因子梯度 Controlling the factor gradient artificially	用于控制实验, 但不能真实反映分解状态 Manipulation experiments, but not relecting real conditions	Jiang et al., 2014
同位素示踪法 Isotope method	用¹⁵N、¹³C同位素进行标记并追踪其转移情况 Litter is labeled with ¹⁵N, ¹³C isotopes to trace the transfer of these elements	观察各养分元素的转移方向和转移速率 To study the direction and transfer rate of an element	Liu et al., 2013
红外光谱分析 Infrared spectroscopy	利用近红外光光谱吸收特征来表示凋落物元素和化合物含量 The near infrared spectroscopy absorption characteristics are used to study elements and compound in decomposed litter	同时测定凋落物中的多种元素和化合物含量 Determination of a variety of elements and compounds in the litter simultaneously	Fortunel et al., 2009
代谢组学 Metabolomics	与核磁共振、气象色谱等结合, 测定代谢组分 Application of nuclear magnetic resonance and gas chromatography to study metabolic components	探讨小分子物质随着环境因子的微小变化 Exploration of the changes of small molecules with tiny changes of environmental factors	Wallenstein et al., 2013

研究方法 Method	应用原理 Principle of application	特点 Characteristics	参考文献 Reference
凋落物网袋法 Litterbag method	将凋落物装入尼龙网袋并放置于地表土壤中, 测定质量损失 The litter was loaded into a nylon mesh bag and placed in the surface soil to measure the mass loss	最大程度模拟自然分解, 但隔离了部分土壤生物的作用 The maximum degree of simulation of natural decomposition, but with the isolation of some soil organisms	Smith & Bradford, 2003
室内培养法 Indoor culture method	人为控制各因子梯度 Controlling the factor gradient artificially	用于控制实验, 但不能真实反映分解状态 Manipulation experiments, but not relecting real conditions	Jiang et al., 2014
同位素示踪法 Isotope method	用¹⁵N、¹³C同位素进行标记并追踪其转移情况 Litter is labeled with ¹⁵N, ¹³C isotopes to trace the transfer of these elements	观察各养分元素的转移方向和转移速率 To study the direction and transfer rate of an element	Liu et al., 2013
红外光谱分析 Infrared spectroscopy	利用近红外光光谱吸收特征来表示凋落物元素和化合物含量 The near infrared spectroscopy absorption characteristics are used to study elements and compound in decomposed litter	同时测定凋落物中的多种元素和化合物含量 Determination of a variety of elements and compounds in the litter simultaneously	Fortunel et al., 2009
代谢组学 Metabolomics	与核磁共振、气象色谱等结合, 测定代谢组分 Application of nuclear magnetic resonance and gas chromatography to study metabolic components	探讨小分子物质随着环境因子的微小变化 Exploration of the changes of small molecules with tiny changes of environmental factors	Wallenstein et al., 2013