青藏高原东缘两处高山树线交错带时空动态及其建群种的生态学特征

doi:10.17521/cjpe.2018.0082

植物生态学报 ›› 2018, Vol. 42 ›› Issue (11): 1082-1093.DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2018.0082

所属专题：青藏高原植物生态学：种群生态学

青藏高原东缘两处高山树线交错带时空动态及其建群种的生态学特征

周天阳^1,^2,³,NARAYAN Prasad Gaire^4,⁸,廖礼彬^1,²,郑莉莉^2,⁵,王金牛^1,^3,^6,^*(),孙建⁵,魏彦强⁷,谢雨¹,吴彦^1,^3,^*()

1中国科学院成都生物研究所, 成都 610041
2中国科学院大学, 北京 101408
3中国科学院山地生态恢复与生物资源利用重点实验室, 成都 610041
4特里布文大学中央环境科学院, 加德满都
5中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所, 北京 100101
6国际山地综合发展中心, 加德满都
7中国科学院西北生态环境资源研究院, 兰州 730000
8中国科学院西双版纳热带植物园, 云南西双版纳 666303

收稿日期:2018-04-11 接受日期:2018-11-04 出版日期:2018-11-20 发布日期:2019-03-13
通讯作者: 王金牛,吴彦
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金(41661144045);国家自然科学基金(31400389)

Spatio-temporal dynamics of two alpine treeline ecotones and ecological characteristics of their dominate species at the eastern margin of Qinghai-Xizang Plateau

ZHOU Tian-Yang^1,^2,³,NARAYAN Prasad Gaire^4,⁸,LIAO Li-Bin^1,²,ZHENG Li-Li^2,⁵,WANG Jin-Niu^1,^3,^6,^*(),SUN Jian⁵,WEI Yan-Qiang⁷,XIE Yu¹,WU Yan^1,^3,^*()

1Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
2University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China
3Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
4Central Department of Environmental Science, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal
5Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
6International Center for Integrated Mountain Development, Kathmandu, Nepal
7Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
8Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xishuangbanna, Yunnan 666303, China

Received:2018-04-11 Accepted:2018-11-04 Online:2018-11-20 Published:2019-03-13
Contact: Jin-Niu WANG,Yan WU
Supported by:
Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(41661144045);Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31400389)

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

热量匮乏是高山树线的主要成因, 在全球变暖趋势下对高山树线及其建群种的生态学过程及特征的研究具有重要意义。该文以青藏高原东缘的折多山和剪子弯山两处高山树线(海拔分别为4 265 m和4 425 m)作为研究对象, 通过设置垂直样带, 同时结合区域温度、降水的长时间序列分析, 探究两处树线的时空动态过程, 并明确了建群种冷杉(Abies spp.)的生态学特征。结果表明: 1)折多山和剪子弯山区域的气温在过去58年均存在显著的上升趋势(分别上升了0.72和0.91 ℃), 而折多山和剪子弯山区域降水均存在微弱的降低趋势。2)折多山的峨眉冷杉(A. fabri)龄级结构呈反J形, 剪子弯山的鳞皮冷杉(A. squamata)龄级结构呈双峰形, 二者种群结构均相对稳定。3)在小尺度上, 种子扩散限制使得两处树线的冷杉聚集分布。在大尺度上, 折多山峨眉冷杉亦呈聚集分布, 而剪子弯山鳞皮冷杉受生长环境以及种内或种间关系的影响呈随机分布。4)两处样地建群树种的树高和基径均随海拔升高而降低, 位于树线交错带上部的冷杉均呈现树高生长大于径向生长的异速生长关系, 而位于样地中、下部位的冷杉大部分呈等速生长关系。5)相比10年前, 折多山和剪子弯山的树线及树种线位置均无明显变化, 剪子弯山鳞皮冷杉种群的树木密度亦无明显变化, 而折多山的树木个体数提高了约25%; 相比20年前, 折多山和剪子弯山的树种线分别上移了50和30 m, 树线位置分别升高了75和40 m, 树木个体数亦明显增加, 分别提高了约220%和100%。树线及其建群种在较大时空尺度上主要受热量的控制, 而在较小时空尺度上受温度及生长环境共同作用的影响。

关键词: 树线, 时空动态, 龄级结构, 异速生长, 海拔梯度

Abstract:

Aims Temperature limit is the main cause of alpine treeline formation. Therefore, it is important to understand the response mechanisms of alpine treeline as well as their tree species under the global climate change. The present study focused on the spatio-temporal dynamics of treeline and ecological characteristics of the tree species in two treeline ecotones.
Methods Two vertical belt-transect plots were established in each treeline ecotone of the Zheduo Mountain and Jianziwan Mountain of the eastern Qinghai-Xizang Plateau. Top and bottom of each transects were lain between species line and forest line, respectively. Detailed information of each tree species treeline, including species name, latitude, longitude, height, age, base diameter, and coordinates, was recorded accordingly.
Important findings The temperatures of the two research areas have increased during the past 58 years. The precipitation has decreased slightly in both the Zheduo Mountain and Jianziwan Mountain. The age structure of Abies fabri from the Zheduo Mountain and A. squamata from the Jianziwan Mountain showed a reversed “J” shape curve and a bimodal shape, respectively. Within the two transects, due to the limitation of seed diffusion, the dominate species showed aggregated distributions at the small scale. At the large scale, A. fabri was aggregated at the Zheduo Mountain, while A. squanmata of the Jianziwan Mountain was randomly distributed due to the impact of surrounding environmental factors. Both tree height and base diameter decreased with the increase of elevation. The fir trees (Abies spp.) at the upper part of the treeline ecotone presented an allometric growth, whose height growth rate was higher than that of base growth, while the relationships between height growth and base growth were isometric at almost mid and lower part of the treeline ecotone. Compared with 10 years ago, there was no significant change at the position of treeline and tree species line of the Zheduo Mountain and the Jianziwan Mountain, neither of the tree density in the Jianziwan Mountain. However, the number of trees in the Zheduo Mountain increased by about 25%. Compared with 20 years ago, tree species lines of the Zheduo Mountain and Jianziwan Mountain were shifted upwards by 50 and 30 m, respectively. Besides, their treeline positions were increased by 75 and 40 m, respectively. Furthermore, the number of trees also increased significantly by 220% and 100%, respectively. Therefore, the treeline and its constructive species are mainly affected by temperature at the large spatio-temporal scale, while influenced by temperature and ambient environment at the small spatio-temporal scale.

Key words: treeline, spatio-temporal dynamics, age structure, allometric, altitude gradient

周天阳, NARAYAN Prasad Gaire, 廖礼彬, 郑莉莉, 王金牛, 孙建, 魏彦强, 谢雨, 吴彦. 青藏高原东缘两处高山树线交错带时空动态及其建群种的生态学特征. 植物生态学报, 2018, 42(11): 1082-1093. DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2018.0082

ZHOU Tian-Yang, NARAYAN Prasad Gaire, LIAO Li-Bin, ZHENG Li-Li, WANG Jin-Niu, SUN Jian, WEI Yan-Qiang, XIE Yu, WU Yan. Spatio-temporal dynamics of two alpine treeline ecotones and ecological characteristics of their dominate species at the eastern margin of Qinghai-Xizang Plateau. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 2018, 42(11): 1082-1093. DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2018.0082

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链接本文: https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/10.17521/cjpe.2018.0082

https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/Y2018/V42/I11/1082

图/表 8

表1 折多山和剪子弯山树线交错带样地概况

Table 1 The basic information of treeline ecotone of Zheduo Mountain and Jianziwan Mountain

样地 Plot	海拔 Altitude (m)	经纬度 Longitude and latitude	坡向 Slope aspect	坡度 Slope	主要树种 Main species
折多山 Zheduo Mountain	4 210-4 380	101.73° E, 30.05° N	正北 North	27.5°	峨眉冷杉、川西云杉、四川红杉 Abies fabri, Picea likiangensis, Larix mastersiana
剪子弯山 Jianziwan Mountain	4 360-4 520	100.82° E, 30.02° N	西偏北30° North-west 30°	25.3°	鳞皮冷杉、四川红杉 Abies squamata, Larix mastersiana

图1 2010-2017年与1961-1970年的差值。A, 年平均气温。B, 年降水量。

Fig. 1 The difference value map between 2010-2017 and 1961-1970. A, Annual mean temperature. B, Annual precipitation.

图2 折多山(A)及剪子弯山(B)样地树种龄级结构。

Fig. 2 Age structure of treeline-forming species at treeline in the Zheduo Mountain (A) and Jianziwan Mountain (B).

图3 折多山(A, C)与剪子弯山(B, D)的树高(H)、基径(Dtb)与海拔(A)的关系。

Fig. 3 The relationships of tree height(H), base diameter (Dtb) and altitude (A) in Zheduo Mountain (A, C) and Jianziwan Mountain(B, D).

表2 折多山与剪子弯山冷杉径向生长与高生长间的关系

Table 2 The correlation between the growth of height and base diameter in Zhedou Mountain and Jianziwan Mountain

样点 Plot	Y轴 Y (m)	R²	p	斜率(95%置信区间) Slope (95% confidence interval)	等速生长检验 Test of isometry p
折多山 Zheduo Mountain	<100	0.80	<0.001	1.64 (1.30, 2.08)^a	<0.001
折多山 Zheduo Mountain	100-200	0.54	<0.001	0.72 (0.51, 1.00)^c	0.053
	201-300	0.72	<0.001	1.15 (0.98, 1.34)^b	0.08
	>300	0.52	<0.001	1.12 (0.90, 1.34)^b	0.296
剪子弯山 Jianziwan Mountain	<100	0.75	<0.001	1.53 (1.21, 1.93)^a	<0.001
剪子弯山 Jianziwan Mountain	100-200	0.85	<0.001	0.99 (0.80, 1.22)^b	0.92
	201-300	0.80	<0.001	0.83 (0.63, 1.10)^b	0.18
	>300	0.90	<0.001	0.85 (0.74, 0.98)^b	0.028

图4 折多山(A)及剪子弯山(B)样地点空间格局分析。两条绿线为拟合的置信区间, 黑线为模拟结果。

Fig. 4 Point pattern analyses for the Zheduo Mountain (A) and Jianziwan Mountain (B). The two green lines are the confidence intervals for the fitting, and the solid line is from the simulation.

表3 折多山与剪子弯山树高(H)与树龄(a)的回归模型

Table 3 The regression model of tree height (H) and tree age (a)

样地 Plot	回归方程 Regression equation	R²	p
折多山 Zheduo Mountain	H = 34.80e^0.079^a	0.68	< 0.001
剪子弯山 Jianziwan Mountain	H = 14.38e^0.087^a	0.71	< 0.001

图5 折多山(A)及剪子弯山(B)样地树线时空模拟。图中黑线为树线, 虚线为树种线。

Fig. 5 The spatio-temporal pattern of treeline dynamics in the Zheduo Mountain (A) and Jianziwan Mountain (B). The solid line is the position of treeline and the dash line is tree species line.

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青藏高原东缘两处高山树线交错带时空动态及其建群种的生态学特征

Spatio-temporal dynamics of two alpine treeline ecotones and ecological characteristics of their dominate species at the eastern margin of Qinghai-Xizang Plateau

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