湿地植物对土壤水分变化与凋落物覆盖的差异化响应

doi:10.17521/cjpe.2025.0014

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

水深是湿地生态系统的关键环境因素, 影响植物的生长更新和分布格局。作为自然生态系统的重要组成部分, 凋落物通过消光效应、机械阻碍和化感作用等多种途径影响植物幼苗的更新。湿地生态系统由于淹水和厌氧等环境条件的影响, 凋落物积累量更大。但目前关于凋落物覆盖和水深变化交互作用对植物幼苗更新的研究鲜有报道。该研究在移动遮雨棚模拟野外环境条件, 分析了不同水深变化(湿润、水分饱和及淹水)及凋落物覆盖量(0、500、1 000、1 500 g·m^-2)对稗(Echinochloa crus-galli)、无芒稗(E. crus-galli var. mitis)、鬼针草(Bidens pilosa)和泽泻(Alisma plantago-aquatica)种子萌发及出苗的影响。结果表明: 稗、无芒稗和泽泻种子萌发与出苗均受凋落物覆盖、水深变化及其交互作用的显著影响, 而鬼针草仅受凋落物覆盖的显著影响。凋落物覆盖使鬼针草萌发率和出苗率分别下降了59.4%-96.9%和94.4%-100.0%; 处于凋落物下方的鬼针草种子萌发率比处于凋落物上方的萌发率大幅降低了94%, 说明凋落物覆盖产生的消光效应是限制鬼针草种子萌发的主要原因。泽泻种子在土壤湿润条件下萌发率几乎为0, 而在水分饱和或淹水环境, 萌发率增加至30%以上, 说明充足的水分对于泽泻种子萌发至关重要; 在水分饱和或淹水处理, 泽泻种子在凋落物覆盖下有29%-60%的种子可以萌发, 但能够穿过凋落物层的种苗仅为1.5%-17%, 凋落物覆盖产生的机械阻碍作用应该是影响其种苗更新的关键因素。该研究为理解环境变化下湿地植被分布格局和演替动态提供了科学依据, 对湿地植被生态恢复和科学管理具有重要意义。

关键词: 凋落物, 水深, 湿地生态系统, 种子萌发

Abstract:

Aims Water depth is a critical environmental factor in wetland ecosystems, influencing plant growth, regeneration, and distribution patterns. As an essential component of natural ecosystems, litter affects the regeneration of plant seedlings through various mechanisms such as light attenuation, mechanical obstruction, and allelopathy. Wetland ecosystems tend to accumulate a larger amount of litter because of flooding and anaerobic conditions. However, few studies have investigated the interactive effects of litter cover and water depth on the regeneration of plant seedlings.

Methods This research simulated the field environmental conditions in mobile rain shelters to analyze the influences of water depth (wet, water-saturated, and flooded) and litter cover (0, 500, 1 000, and 1 500 g·m^-2) on the seed germination rates and emergence rates of Echinochloa crus-galli, E. crus-gallivar. mitis, Bidens pilosa, and Alisma plantago-aquatica.

Important findings We found that the seed germination rates and emergence rates of E. crus-galli, E. crus-gallivar. mitis and A. plantago-aquatica were significantly affected by litter cover, water depth, and their interactions, while B. pilosa was only significantly influenced by litter cover. Litter cover decreased the germination and emergence rates of B. pilosa by 59.4% to 96.9% and 94.4% to 100.0%, respectively. The germination rate of B. pilosa seeds beneath litter was significantly reduced by 94% compared to that above litter, indicating that the shading effect resulting from litter cover was the primary cause restricting the germination of B. pilosa seeds. The germination rate of A. plantago-aquatica seeds was nearly zero under wet conditions, but increased to over 30% in water-saturated or flooded environments, suggesting that sufficient moisture is of vital importance for the germination of A. plantago-aquatica seeds. Under water-saturated or flooded conditions, 29% to 60% of the seeds of A. plantago-aquatica germinated when covered by litter. However, only 1.5% to 17% of the seedlings penetrated through the litter layer. We posit that mechanical obstruction caused by litter cover is a critical factor influencing the seedling regeneration of A. plantago-aquatica. This study can help understand the distribution patterns and succession dynamics of wetland vegetation under environmental changes and has important implications for the ecological restoration and scientific management of wetland vegetation.

Key words: litter, water depth, wetland ecosystem, seedling germination

张旭东, 刘波, 张丹, 武海涛, 潘媛, 郑皓文, 李蕊, 严硕, 申敏琰, 赖明子. 湿地植物对土壤水分变化与凋落物覆盖的差异化响应. 植物生态学报, 2025, 49(12): 2069-2079. DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2025.0014

ZHANG Xu-Dong, LIU Bo, ZHANG Dan, WU Hai-Tao, PAN Yuan, ZHENG Hao-Wen, LI Rui, YAN Shuo, SHEN Min-Yan, LAI Ming-Zi. Differential responses of wetland plant species to water depth changes and litter cover. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 2025, 49(12): 2069-2079. DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2025.0014

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链接本文: https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/10.17521/cjpe.2025.0014

https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/Y2025/V49/I12/2069

图/表 5

表1 凋落物覆盖与水深变化及其交互作用对4种植物种子萌发率影响的方差分析

Table 1 Analysis of variance (ANOVA) on the effects of litter cover, water depth, and their interaction on the germination rate of four plant species

物种 Species	因素 Factor	自由度 df	F	p
稗 Echinochloa crus-galli	凋落物量 Litter amount	3	44.342	<0.001
	水深 Water depth	2	101.853	<0.001
	凋落物量×水深 Litter amount × water depth	6	12.195	<0.001
无芒稗 Echinochloa crus-galli var. mitis	凋落物量 Litter amount	3	34.152	<0.001
	水深变化 Water depth	2	19.946	<0.001
	凋落物量×水深 Litter amount × water depth	6	4.268	0.002
鬼针草 Bidens pilosa	凋落物量 Litter amount	3	287.734	<0.001
	水深变化 Water depth	2	2.549	0.092
	凋落物量×水深 Litter amount × water depth	6	2.266	0.059
泽泻 Alisma plantago-aquatica	凋落物量 Litter amount	3	9.995	<0.001
	水深变化 Water depth	2	198.117	<0.001
	凋落物量×水深 Litter amount × water depth	6	3.312	0.011

表2 凋落物覆盖与水深变化及其交互作用对4种植物种子出苗率影响的方差分析

Table 2 Analysis of variance (ANOVA) on the effects of litter cover, water depth, and their interaction on the emergence rate of four plant species

物种 Species	因素 Factor	自由度 df	F	p
稗 Echinochloa crus-galli	凋落物量 Litter amount	3	143.965	<0.001
	水深 Water depth	2	84.980	<0.001
	凋落物量×水深 Litter amount × water depth	6	11.317	<0.001
无芒稗 Echinochloa crus-galli var. mitis	凋落物量 Litter amount	3	159.128	<0.001
	水深 Water depth	2	8.464	<0.001
	凋落物量×水深 Litter amount × water depth	6	2.654	0.031
鬼针草 Bidens pilosa	凋落物量 Litter amount	3	652.393	<0.001
	水深 Water depth	2	2.447	0.101
	凋落物量×水深 Litter amount × water depth	6	2.169	0.069
泽泻 Alisma plantago-aquatica	凋落物量 Litter amount	3	68.739	<0.001
	水深 Water depth	2	35.085	<0.001
	凋落物量×水深 Litter amount × water depth	6	13.205	<0.001

图1 不同水位下凋落物覆盖量对4种植物种子萌发率和出苗率的影响(平均值±标准误)。CK, 无凋落物覆盖; 5A, 500 g·m-2凋落物覆盖; 10A, 1 000 g·m-2凋落物覆盖; 15A, 1 500 g·m-2凋落物覆盖。W1, 土壤湿润; W2, 土壤水分饱和; W3, 淹水。不同小写字母表示不同凋落物覆盖量下的萌发率或出苗率存在显著差异(p < 0.05)。

Fig. 1 Effects of litter cover under different water depths on the germination and seedling emergence rates of four plant species (mean ± SE). CK, no litter cover; 5A, 500 g·m-2 litter cover; 10A, 1 000 g·m-2 litter cover; 15A, 1 500 g·m-2 litter cover. W1, moist soil conditions; W2, saturated soil conditions; W3, flooded conditions. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences in germination or emergence rates among different levels of litter cover (p < 0.05).

图2 种子位置对4种植物种子萌发率和出苗率的影响(平均值±标准误)。CK, 无凋落物覆盖; 5A, 上层覆盖播种; 5B, 底层覆盖播种。不同小写字母表示种子处于不同凋落物覆盖位置时的萌发率或出苗率存在显著差异(p < 0.05)。

Fig. 2 Effects of seed position on the germination and seedling emergence rates of four plant species (mean ± SE). CK, no litter cover; 5A indicates seeding under litter cover; 5B indicates seeding above litter cover. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences in germination or emergence rates among different seeding positions relative to litter cover (p < 0.05).

图3 凋落物类型对4种植物种子萌发率和出苗率的影响(平均值±标准误)。CK, 无凋落物覆盖; 5A, 自然凋落物; 5C, 塑料凋落物。不同小写字母表示不同类型凋落物覆盖下的种子萌发率或出苗率存在显著差异(p < 0.05)。

Fig. 3 Effects of litter type on the germination and seedling emergence rates of four plant species (mean ± SE). CK, no litter cover; 5A, natural litter; 5C, plastic litter. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences in germination or emergence rates among different types of litter cover (p < 0.05).

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