茂兰喀斯特森林主要演替群落的凋落物动态

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1258.2011.01019

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

对茂兰喀斯特森林3种主要演替群落——喀斯特原生乔木林、次生林和灌木林的凋落物数量、组成特征及季节动态变化进行了为期27个月的观测研究。结果表明, 茂兰喀斯特原生乔木林、次生林和灌木林的年平均凋落物量分别为4.503、3.505和2.912 t·hm^-2; 年总凋落物的叶、枝、花果和其他的比例分别为64.72%、14.60%、12.33%、8.35%; 74.28%、7.43%、10.88%、7.41%和75.94%、8.56%、12.93%、2.57%, 叶凋落物量占总凋落物量的64.72%-75.94%; 茂兰喀斯特森林3种演替群落凋落物的月动态变化规律均为双峰型, 峰值分别出现在生长季早期3-5月和休眠期10-12月。

关键词: 喀斯特森林, 凋落物, 凋落节律, 茂兰, 演替群落

Abstract:

Aims Litter is a key in nutrient cycling and energy flow of forest ecosystems. Our objective was to study the functions of karst forest litter by analyzing litter dynamics.
Methods Litter samples were collected monthly from karst primary forest, secondary forest and shrubland in our Maolan karst study area from October 2006 to December 2008. We divided the samples into leaves, branches, flowers and fruit, and others and weighed each after drying to constant weight at 80 °C.
Important findings The annual mean litter productions of primary forest, secondary forest and shrubland in the Maolan karst study area were 4.503, 3.505 and 2.912 t·hm^-2, respectively. The proportions of leaves, branches, flowers and fruits, and others for karst primary forest were 64.72%, 14.60%, 12.33% and 8.35%, respectively, while for karst secondary forest were 74.28%, 7.43%, 10.88% and 7.41%, respectively, and for karst shrubland were 75.94%, 8.56%, 12.93% and 2.57%, respectively. Therefore, leaves dominated litter. The monthly litterfall production dynamics for each community exhibited a bimodel distribution, with peaks early in the growing season and at dormancy.

Key words: karst forest, litter, litter-fall dynamics, Maolan, succession community

俞国松, 王世杰, 容丽, 冉景丞. 茂兰喀斯特森林主要演替群落的凋落物动态. 植物生态学报, 2011, 35(10): 1019-1028. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1258.2011.01019

YU Guo-Song, WANG Shi-Jie, RONG Li, RAN Jing-Cheng. Litter dynamics of major successional communities in Maolan karst forest of China. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 2011, 35(10): 1019-1028. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1258.2011.01019

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https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/Y2011/V35/I10/1019

图/表 7

参考文献 39

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植被类型 Vegetation type	坡度 Slope	坡向 Slope aspect	位置 Location	植被特征 Vegetation characteristics	优势种 Dominant species
喀斯特原生乔木林 Karst primary arboreal forest	30°-40°	Northeast	25°18′05″- 25°18′16″ N, 107°57′10″- 107°57′40″ E	层次结构比较完整, 乔木层、灌木层和草本层之间分化清晰, 以乔木层为主, 高10-20 m, 乔木层覆盖率达80%以上; 灌木层高3-8 m, 盖度5%-10%; 地表层有地衣苔藓着生, 林下覆盖有3-5 cm厚的枯枝落叶层。 The stand structure was well integral and hierarchic, which could be clearly divided into tree layer, shrub layer and herb layer, and structure was dominated by tree layer. The mean tree height and coverage of tree layer were 10-20 m and more than 80%, respectively. The height of shrub layer with coverage of 5%-10% was 3-8 m, some lichens and mosses grew on the ground, the thickness of litter layer was 3-5 cm under forest.	圆果化香树、短萼海桐、小果润楠、青檀、光叶海桐、丝栗栲 Platycarya longipes, Pittosporum brevicalyx, Machilus microcarpa, Pteroceltis tatarinowii, Pittosporum glabratum, Castanopsis fargesii
喀斯特次生林 Karst secondary forest	30°-40°	Southwest	25°18′35″- 25°18′50″ N, 107°56′45″- 107°57′00″ E	林分层次结构分化明显, 乔木层、灌木层比较发达, 高5- 12 m, 乔木层覆盖率达80%以上; 灌木层高2-3 m, 盖度 10%左右, 地表有少量藤刺、蕨类、地衣苔藓等分布, 林下枯枝落叶层厚1-2 cm。 The stand structure was well hierarchic, of which tree layer and shrub layer were matured. The mean tree height and ove- rage of tree layer were 5-12 m and more than 80%, respectiv- ely. The height of shrub layer with coverage of 10% was 2- 3 m, The land was covered by a small amount of thorns, ferns, lichens and mosses, the thickness of litter layer was 1-2 cm under forest.	云贵鹅耳枥、青冈、丝栗栲、马尾松、香叶树、十大功劳 Carpinus pubescens, Cyclobalanopsis glauca, Castanopsis fargesii, Pinus massoniana, Lindera communis, Mahonia fortunei
喀斯特灌木林 Karst shrubland	20°-30°	Northeast	25°18′20″- 25°18′35″ N, 107°56′10″- 107°56′25″ E	林分垂直结构单一, 无或有少量乔木, 主要以灌木层为主, 高度2-4 m, 覆盖度达80%以上, 林下覆盖的枯枝落叶层厚约1-2 cm。 The stand vertical structure was simple with a small amount of or no tree layer, which was dominated by shrub layer. The mean tree height and coverage of shrub layer were 2-4 m and more than 80%, respectively. The thickness of litter layer was 1-2 cm under forest.	南天竹、圆果化香树、香叶树、荔波鹅耳枥、齿叶黄皮、多脉青冈 Nandina domestica, Platycarya longipes, Lindera communis, Carpinus lipoensis, Clausena dunniana, Cyclobalanopsis multiervis

植被类型 Vegetation type	坡度 Slope	坡向 Slope aspect	位置 Location	植被特征 Vegetation characteristics	优势种 Dominant species
喀斯特原生乔木林 Karst primary arboreal forest	30°-40°	Northeast	25°18′05″- 25°18′16″ N, 107°57′10″- 107°57′40″ E	层次结构比较完整, 乔木层、灌木层和草本层之间分化清晰, 以乔木层为主, 高10-20 m, 乔木层覆盖率达80%以上; 灌木层高3-8 m, 盖度5%-10%; 地表层有地衣苔藓着生, 林下覆盖有3-5 cm厚的枯枝落叶层。 The stand structure was well integral and hierarchic, which could be clearly divided into tree layer, shrub layer and herb layer, and structure was dominated by tree layer. The mean tree height and coverage of tree layer were 10-20 m and more than 80%, respectively. The height of shrub layer with coverage of 5%-10% was 3-8 m, some lichens and mosses grew on the ground, the thickness of litter layer was 3-5 cm under forest.	圆果化香树、短萼海桐、小果润楠、青檀、光叶海桐、丝栗栲 Platycarya longipes, Pittosporum brevicalyx, Machilus microcarpa, Pteroceltis tatarinowii, Pittosporum glabratum, Castanopsis fargesii
喀斯特次生林 Karst secondary forest	30°-40°	Southwest	25°18′35″- 25°18′50″ N, 107°56′45″- 107°57′00″ E	林分层次结构分化明显, 乔木层、灌木层比较发达, 高5- 12 m, 乔木层覆盖率达80%以上; 灌木层高2-3 m, 盖度 10%左右, 地表有少量藤刺、蕨类、地衣苔藓等分布, 林下枯枝落叶层厚1-2 cm。 The stand structure was well hierarchic, of which tree layer and shrub layer were matured. The mean tree height and ove- rage of tree layer were 5-12 m and more than 80%, respectiv- ely. The height of shrub layer with coverage of 10% was 2- 3 m, The land was covered by a small amount of thorns, ferns, lichens and mosses, the thickness of litter layer was 1-2 cm under forest.	云贵鹅耳枥、青冈、丝栗栲、马尾松、香叶树、十大功劳 Carpinus pubescens, Cyclobalanopsis glauca, Castanopsis fargesii, Pinus massoniana, Lindera communis, Mahonia fortunei
喀斯特灌木林 Karst shrubland	20°-30°	Northeast	25°18′20″- 25°18′35″ N, 107°56′10″- 107°56′25″ E	林分垂直结构单一, 无或有少量乔木, 主要以灌木层为主, 高度2-4 m, 覆盖度达80%以上, 林下覆盖的枯枝落叶层厚约1-2 cm。 The stand vertical structure was simple with a small amount of or no tree layer, which was dominated by shrub layer. The mean tree height and coverage of shrub layer were 2-4 m and more than 80%, respectively. The thickness of litter layer was 1-2 cm under forest.	南天竹、圆果化香树、香叶树、荔波鹅耳枥、齿叶黄皮、多脉青冈 Nandina domestica, Platycarya longipes, Lindera communis, Carpinus lipoensis, Clausena dunniana, Cyclobalanopsis multiervis

气候带 Climate zone	类型 Type	凋落物量Litterfall (t·hm^-2·a^-1)	凋落叶比例 leaf litterfallrate (%)	文献 Reference
热带 Tropical zone	红树林 Mangrove forest	12.545-13.882	64.3-79.9	Lin et al., 1990; Zhang & Chen, 2003
热带 Tropical zone	季雨林 Monsoon forest	8.244-11.290	55.3-65.6	Zheng et al., 1990; Wu et al., 1994
南亚热带 Southern subtropical zone	人工阔叶林 Artificial broad-leaved forest	5.541-10.433	61.4-87.5	Zou et al., 2006; Lu et al., 2008
	常绿阔叶林 Evergreen broad-leaved forest	4.630-8.840	51.0-81.3	Wang et al., 1996; Hou et al., 1998; Yan et al., 2001; Guan et al., 2004
	针阔混交林 Coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest	8.500	67.0	Zhang et al., 2000
	灌木林 Shrubbery	4.773	69.2	Guan & Chen, 1998
中亚热带 Central subtropical zone	人工阔叶林 Artificial broad-leaved forest	7.318-9.538	65.3-72.0	Yang et al., 2003, 2004
	常绿阔叶林 Evergreen broad-leaved forest	6.770-13.030	41.1-70.2	Liu et al., 1995; Katagiri et al., 2001; Yang et al., 2003; Yan et al., 2008
	次生常绿阔叶林 Secondary evergreen broad-leaved forest	6.870-11.700	42.3-57.7	Wu, 2006; Yan et al., 2008
	针阔混交林 Coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest	7.123-8.390	56.9-61.9	Lin & Fan, 2005; Yan et al., 2008
	灌木林 Shrubbery	6.380	77.7	Yan et al., 2008
	滇桂喀斯特原生林 Karst primary forest in Guangxi and Yunnan	1.834-4.058	78.0-83.6	Zeng et al., 2010
	滇桂喀斯特次生林 Karst secondary forest in Guangxi and Yunnan	1.979-3.510	76.3-95.3	Liu & Duan, 2004; Wu et al., 2007; Zeng et al., 2010
北亚热带 Northern subtropical zone	人工针阔混交林 Artificial coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest	3.610-4.689	33.7 -72.1	Luo et al., 2007; Wu et al., 2009
北亚热带 Northern subtropical zone	针阔混交林 Coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest	4.689-5.701	55.5-79.7	Luo et al., 2007; Wu et al., 2009
温带 Temperate zone	人工针叶林 Artificial coniferous forest	3.714	91.9	Chen et al., 1998
	落叶阔叶林 Deciduous broad-leaved forest	2.883-3.130	64.8-76.0	Zhang et al., 2008; Liu et al., 2009
	针阔混交林 Coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest	4.146-4.902	60.3-74.0	Zhang et al., 2008; Liu et al., 2009
	常绿针叶林 Evergreen coniferous forest	2.472	54.0	Zhang et al., 2008
	落叶针叶林 Deciduous coniferous forest	2.337	73.0	Zhang et al., 2008

气候带 Climate zone	类型 Type	凋落物量Litterfall (t·hm^-2·a^-1)	凋落叶比例 leaf litterfallrate (%)	文献 Reference
热带 Tropical zone	红树林 Mangrove forest	12.545-13.882	64.3-79.9	Lin et al., 1990; Zhang & Chen, 2003
热带 Tropical zone	季雨林 Monsoon forest	8.244-11.290	55.3-65.6	Zheng et al., 1990; Wu et al., 1994
南亚热带 Southern subtropical zone	人工阔叶林 Artificial broad-leaved forest	5.541-10.433	61.4-87.5	Zou et al., 2006; Lu et al., 2008
	常绿阔叶林 Evergreen broad-leaved forest	4.630-8.840	51.0-81.3	Wang et al., 1996; Hou et al., 1998; Yan et al., 2001; Guan et al., 2004
	针阔混交林 Coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest	8.500	67.0	Zhang et al., 2000
	灌木林 Shrubbery	4.773	69.2	Guan & Chen, 1998
中亚热带 Central subtropical zone	人工阔叶林 Artificial broad-leaved forest	7.318-9.538	65.3-72.0	Yang et al., 2003, 2004
	常绿阔叶林 Evergreen broad-leaved forest	6.770-13.030	41.1-70.2	Liu et al., 1995; Katagiri et al., 2001; Yang et al., 2003; Yan et al., 2008
	次生常绿阔叶林 Secondary evergreen broad-leaved forest	6.870-11.700	42.3-57.7	Wu, 2006; Yan et al., 2008
	针阔混交林 Coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest	7.123-8.390	56.9-61.9	Lin & Fan, 2005; Yan et al., 2008
	灌木林 Shrubbery	6.380	77.7	Yan et al., 2008
	滇桂喀斯特原生林 Karst primary forest in Guangxi and Yunnan	1.834-4.058	78.0-83.6	Zeng et al., 2010
	滇桂喀斯特次生林 Karst secondary forest in Guangxi and Yunnan	1.979-3.510	76.3-95.3	Liu & Duan, 2004; Wu et al., 2007; Zeng et al., 2010
北亚热带 Northern subtropical zone	人工针阔混交林 Artificial coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest	3.610-4.689	33.7 -72.1	Luo et al., 2007; Wu et al., 2009
北亚热带 Northern subtropical zone	针阔混交林 Coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest	4.689-5.701	55.5-79.7	Luo et al., 2007; Wu et al., 2009
温带 Temperate zone	人工针叶林 Artificial coniferous forest	3.714	91.9	Chen et al., 1998
	落叶阔叶林 Deciduous broad-leaved forest	2.883-3.130	64.8-76.0	Zhang et al., 2008; Liu et al., 2009
	针阔混交林 Coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest	4.146-4.902	60.3-74.0	Zhang et al., 2008; Liu et al., 2009
	常绿针叶林 Evergreen coniferous forest	2.472	54.0	Zhang et al., 2008
	落叶针叶林 Deciduous coniferous forest	2.337	73.0	Zhang et al., 2008