帽儿山不同林龄落叶阔叶林土壤微生物生物量及其季节动态

doi:10.17521/cjpe.2017.0011

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

土壤微生物在生态系统生物地球化学循环过程中扮演着重要角色, 对于受到干扰后退化土壤的肥力恢复具有重要的意义, 然而, 采伐后次生林发展过程中土壤微生物生物量的动态尚不明确。在帽儿山森林生态站的落叶阔叶林中设置了一个由采伐后0年(采伐迹地)、10年、25年、56年的林分构成林龄系列样地, 采用氯仿熏蒸浸提法, 在生长季期间(4-10月)每月测定各林分土壤微生物生物量碳含量(C_mic)、微生物生物量氮含量(N_mic)、土壤可溶性有机碳含量(C_dis)、可溶性全氮含量(N_dis)、土壤含水率、温度等因子, 以探索采伐干扰后不同林龄林分土壤微生物生物量的时间动态及其影响因子。结果表明: (1)不同林龄林分土壤微生物生物量生长季均值差异显著, C_mic表现为56年和采伐迹地显著高于25年和10年林分; N_mic表现为采伐迹地、56年显著高于10年林分, 25年林分居中; C_mic/N_mic表现为56年、10年林分显著高于25年林分、采伐迹地。(2)采伐迹地微生物生物量季节变化格局与其他3个林龄林分的差异主要体现在生长季后期, 前者表现为降低, 而后者表现为升高或变化不明显; 10年、25年、56年林分C_mic、N_mic季节变化格局的差异主要体现在生长季前期, 变化幅度随林龄增长而降低; 4个林龄林分C_mic/N_mic季节变化均表现为“W”形。(3)土壤微生物生物量的主要影响因子随林龄而变: 随林龄增长, C_mic、N_mic的影响因子由土壤含水率(采伐迹地、10年生)逐渐转变为土壤可溶性养分含量(10年、25年、56年林分); 采伐迹地C_mic/N_mic影响因子为土壤温度和C_dis, 其他3个林龄林分则为C_dis/N_dis。这些结果说明: 在采伐干扰后的次生林发展过程中, 植被组成和土壤理化性质不断变化, 提高了土壤微生物生物量, 进而改善了土壤养分状况, 显示出地上植被变化与地下微生物动态的密切联系。

关键词: 采伐干扰, 年龄系列, 微生物生物量碳, 微生物生物量氮, 季节动态, 温带森林

Abstract:

Aims Soil microbes play a key role in the biogeochemical cycling in terrestrial ecosystems and are important for the nutrient recovery of degraded soils due to disturbances. However, dynamics in soil microbial biomass during the development of the secondary forest after logging are little known. Our objectives were to examine the temporal dynamics and influencing factors of soil microbial biomass carbon content (C_mic) and nitrogen content (N_mic) along a temperate forest logging chronosequence.Methods The logging chronosequence included four sites with 0-year, 10-year, 25-year, and 56-year sites since clear cutting of a deciduous broadleaved forest and was established in 2014 in the Mao’ershan Forest Ecosystem Research Station, Northeast China. The C_mic and N_mic at all the sites were measured monthly during the growing season (from April to October) with the chloroform fumigation extraction method; the soil dissolved organic carbon content (C_dis), total nitrogen content (N_dis), soil water content and temperature were simultaneously measured. Important findings (1) There were significant differences in soil microbial biomass among the four sites: the means of C_mic at the 56-year and 0-year sites were significantly higher than those at the 25-year and 10-year sites; the means of N_mic at the 0-year and 56-year sites were significantly higher than those at the 10-year site, while the 25-year site had intermediate N_mic; The C_mic/N_mic ratios at the 56-year and 10-year sites were significantly higher than those at the 25-year and 0-year sites. (2) The C_mic and N_mic at the 0-year site tended to decrease at the end of the growing season compared to earlier times, while those at the rest sites showed an increasing trend or no significant change. Soil microbial biomass among the 10-year, 25-year, and 56-year sites differed at the early growing season, and its amplitude of variations decreased as the stand age increased. The C_mic/N_mic ratios at all sites showed a “W-shaped” seasonal pattern. (3) The main influencing factors of the seasonality of soil microbial biomass varied with the stand ages: they switched from soil water content at the 0-year and 10-year sites to the soil dissolved nutrients contents at the 10-year, 25-year, and 56-year sites. The seasonality of C_mic/N_mic ratios at the 0-year site was mainly influenced by soil temperature and C_dis, while those at the other three sites were driven by the C_dis/N_disratio. It was concluded that with the forest development after clear cutting, the characteristics of vegetation and soil have been changing, inducing increased soil microbial biomass and thereby improved soil nutrient regime, which reflected strong links between aboveground changes in vegetation and belowground dynamics in soil microbes.

Key words: logging disturbance, chronosequence, microbial biomass carbon, microbial biomass nitrogen, seasonal dynamics, temperate forest

王薪琪, 韩轶, 王传宽. 帽儿山不同林龄落叶阔叶林土壤微生物生物量及其季节动态. 植物生态学报, 2017, 41(6): 597-609. DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2017.0011

Xin-Qi WANG, Yi HAN, Chuan-Kuan WANG. Soil microbial biomass and its seasonality in deciduous broadleaved forests with different stand ages in the Mao’ershan region, Northeast China. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 2017, 41(6): 597-609. DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2017.0011

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链接本文: https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/10.17521/cjpe.2017.0011

https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/Y2017/V41/I6/597

图/表 8

表1 样地基本特征(平均值±标准偏差, n = 3)

Table 1 Characteristics of the sampled plots (mean ± SD, n = 3)

林龄 Site age (a)	坡度 Slope (°)	林分密度 Site density (trees•hm^-2)	胸高断面积 Basal area (m²•hm^-2)	平均胸径 Mean DBH (cm)	林分组成 Site composition	0-20 cm土壤pH值 Soil pH value at 0-20 cm depth
0	18	0	0	0	未评估 Not assessed	4.70 ± 0.16
10	15	6 200 ± 2 300	19.51 ± 2.40	5.0 ± 0.5	10BP+PU+PA+AM	4.83 ± 0.21
25	15	6 028 ± 804	25.62 ± 2.30	12.2 ± 0.4	5BP3PD1UJ1FM+AM-PA-QM	4.85 ± 0.10
56	18	1 833 ± 617	28.77 ± 4.12	26.8 ± 1.3	3BP2AM1UJ1JM1FM 1PD1TM+TA+PA-QM	4.45 ± 0.30

图1 不同林龄林分土壤微生物生物量碳含量(A)、氮含量(B)及碳氮比(C)生长季均值垂直变化的比较(平均值±标准误差)。不同大写字母代表同一林分不同土层的显著性差异组别, 不同小写字母代表同一土层不同林分的显著性差异组别, 相同字母表示无显著性差异。

Fig. 1 Comparisons of the vertical changes in the means of soil microbial biomass carbon content (A), nitrogen content (B) and carbon and nitrogen ratio (C) at different sites during the growing season (mean ± SE). Different capital letters of the same site indicate significant differences between soil layers, and different lowercase letters of the same soil layer indicate significant differences among sites, while the same letter indicates no significant difference.

图2 不同林龄林分土壤可溶性有机碳含量(A)、可溶性全氮含量(B)、可溶性有机碳/可溶性全氮比(C)及土壤含水率(D)生长季均值垂直变化的比较(平均值±标准误差)。不同大写字母代表同一林分不同土层的显著性差异组别, 不同小写字母代表同一土层不同林分的显著性差异组别, 相同字母表示无显著性差异。

Fig. 2 Comparisons of the vertical changes in the means of soil dissolved organic carbon content (A), total nitrogen content (B), dissolved organic carbon and nitrogen ratio (C), and water content (D) among the four sites during the growing season (mean ± SE). Different capital letters of the same site indicate significant differences between soil layers, and different lowercase letters of the same soil layer indicate significant differences among sites, while the same letter indicates no significant difference.

图3 不同林龄林分土壤5 cm温度生长季平均值(A)及季节动态(B)的比较(平均值±标准误差)。不同小写字母表示不同林分的显著性差异组别。

Fig. 3 Comparisons of the means of soil temperature at 5 cm depth during the growing season among sites and their seasonal dynamics (mean ± SE). Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among sites.

图4 不同林龄林分土壤微生物生物量碳含量(A)、氮含量(B)及碳氮比(C)的季节动态(平均值±标准误差)。

Fig. 4 Seasonal dynamics in soil microbial biomass carbon content, nitrogen content and microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen ratio at different sites (mean ± SE).

表2 土壤微生物生物量与相关因子之间的Pearson相关系数(n = 12)

Table 2 Pearson’s correlation coefficient of soil microbial biomass and related factors (n = 12)

土层 Soil layer (cm)	微生物生物量 Microbial biomass	C_soil (mg•kg^-1)	N_soil(mg•kg^-1)	C_soil/N_soil	R_mass(g•m^-2)	C_dis(mg•kg^-1)	N_dis(mg•kg^-1)	C_dis/N_dis	pH	WC (%)	T₅(℃)
0-10	C_mic(mg•kg^-1)	0.42	0.45	0.20	0.62^*	0.18	0.71^*	-0.62^*	-0.54	0.64^*	-0.40
	N_mic(mg•kg^-1)	0.19	0.24	0.04	0.59^*	0.27	0.69^*	-0.53	0.01	0.48	-0.26
	C_mic/N_mic	0.32	0.30	0.19	-0.20	-0.26	-0.23	-0.01	-0.38	0.02	-0.24
10-20	C_mic (mg•kg^-1)	0.43	0.42	-0.21	0.50	-0.12	0.58^*	-0.14	-0.22	0.52	-0.51
	N_mic(mg•kg^-1)	0.24	0.26	-0.17	0.30	-0.18	0.50	-0.21	-0.20	0.40	-0.32
	C_mic/N_mic	0.59^*	0.53	-0.16	0.55	0.06	0.30	-0.06	-0.29	0.53	-0.59^*

表3 土壤微生物生物量与相关因子的逐步多元回归结果(n = 21)

Table 3 Results of stepwise regression of soil microbial biomass on related factors (n = 21)

因变量 Dependent variable	林龄 Site age (a)	0-10 cm土层 0-10 cm soil layer			10-20 cm土层 0-10 cm soil layer
因变量 Dependent variable	林龄 Site age (a)	预测变量 Predictors	R²	p	预测变量 Predictors	R²	p
C_mic	0	NS			WC (+)	0.371	0.003
	10	N_dis(+)	0.373	0.003	N_dis (+)	0.352	0.005
		N_dis(+), T₅ (+)	0.506	0.002	N_dis (+), WC (+)	0.556	0.001
	25	C_dis/N_dis (-)	0.232	0.027	N_dis (+)	0.232	0.027
	56	NS			C_dis (+)	0.509	<0.001
N_mic	0	NS			WC (+)	0.255	0.020
	10	N_dis(+)	0.242	0.024	WC	0.296	0.011
		N_dis(+), T₅ (+), C_dis(+)	0.579	0.002
	25	NS			C_dis(+)	0.195	0.044
	56	C_dis/N_dis (+)	0.251	0.021	C_dis/N_dis(+)	0.497	<0.001
					C_dis/N_dis(+), C_dis (+), T₅ (+)	0.752	<0.001
C_mic/N_mic	0	T₅ (-)	0.342	0.005	T₅ (-)	0.351	0.005
		T₅ (-), C_dis (-)	0.557	0.001	T₅ (-), C_dis (-)	0.709	<0.001
	10	NS			C_dis/N_dis(-)	0.496	<0.001
	25	C_dis/N_dis (-)	0.256	0.019	C_dis/N_dis(-)	0.253	0.020
	56	C_dis/N_dis (-)	0.313	0.008	C_dis/N_dis (-)	0.402	0.002
					C_dis/N_dis(-), T₅ (-)	0.650	<0.001

图5 不同林龄林分土壤可溶性有机碳含量(A)、可溶性全氮含量(B)、可溶性有机碳/可溶性全氮(C)及含水率(D)的季节动态(平均值±标准误差)。

Fig. 5 Seasonal dynamics in soil dissolved organic carbon content (A), total nitrogen content (B), dissolved organic carbon and nitrogen ratio (C), and water content (D) at different sites (mean ± SE).

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