西南高山亚高山区植被水分利用效率时空特征及其与气候因子的关系

doi:10.17521/cjpe.2019.0281

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

水分利用效率(WUE)是深入理解生态系统水碳循环及其耦合关系的重要指标。为了揭示气候变化背景下区域尺度不同植被类型的响应和适应特征, 对中国西南高山亚高山地区2000-2014年的9种植被类型的WUE时空特征及其影响因素进行探究。该研究基于MODIS总初级生产力(GPP)、蒸散发(ET)数据和气象数据, 估算西南高山亚高山区植被WUE, 采用趋势分析及相关分析等方法, 分析了研究区植被WUE与气温、降水及海拔的关系。主要结果: (1)西南高山亚高山区2000-2014年植被WUE多年均值为0.95 g·m^-2·mm^-1, 整体呈显著增加趋势, 增速为0.011 g·m^-2·mm^-1·a^-1; 空间上WUE呈东南高西北低的分布, 85.84%区域的WUE呈增加趋势。(2)西南高山亚高山区各植被类型WUE多年均值表现为常绿针叶林>稀树草原>常绿阔叶林>有林草原>农田>落叶阔叶林>混交林>郁闭灌丛>草地; 时间上, 各植被类型WUE均呈上升趋势。(3)西南高山亚高山区89.56%区域的WUE与气温正相关, 92.54%区域的WUE与降水量负相关; 各植被类型中, 草地WUE与气温的相关性最高, 有林草原WUE与降水量的相关性最高。(4)西南高山亚高山区典型的地带性顶极植被常绿针叶林的WUE具有较强的海拔适应性及应对气候变化的能力。

关键词: 水分利用效率, 植被类型, 海拔, 气温, 降水, 西南高山亚高山区

Abstract:

Aims Water use efficiency (WUE) is an important indicator for understanding the coupling and trade-off relationships between ecosystem water and carbon cycles. In order to reveal the response and adaptation characteristics of different vegetation types to climate change regionally, we examined the trends, altitudinal distributions, and spatial variations of WUE in nine vegetation types in the alpine and subalpine area of southwestern China during the period of 2000-2014.
Methods We estimated the vegetation WUE using Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) gross primary production (GPP) and evapotranspiration (ET) products, and the gridded climate data interpolated from Aunsplin. Trend analysis and correlation analysis were conducted to examine the relationships between vegetation WUE and other factors, including air temperature, precipitation, and elevation.
Important findings The results showed that: (1) The average annual WUE in the study region was 0.95 g·m^-2·mm^-1 with a significantly increasing trend at 0.011 g·m^-2·mm^-1·a^-1 from 2000 to 2014. The average WUE showed a pattern of higher in the southeast region but lower in the northwest region, and the WUE was found increased in 85.84% of study area. (2) The average WUEs were increasing in all vegetation types, and the WUEs showed a gradient of evergreen needleleaf forest > savannas > evergreen broadleaf forest > woody savannas > cropland > deciduous broadleaf forest > mixed forest > closed shrublands > grassland. (3) The WUE was positively correlated with air temperature in 89.56% of the study area, but it was negatively correlated with precipitation in 92.54% of the study area. The highest correlation between WUE and air temperature was found in grassland, while the highest correlation between WUE and precipitation was identified in woody savannas. (4) As the regional climax vegetation type in southwestern China, the evergreen needleleaf forest’s WUE has high adaptation abilities to both altitudinal change and climate change.

Key words: water use efficiency, vegetation type, altitude, air temperature, precipitation, alpine and subalpine area of southwestern China

周雄, 孙鹏森, 张明芳, 刘世荣. 西南高山亚高山区植被水分利用效率时空特征及其与气候因子的关系. 植物生态学报, 2020, 44(6): 628-641. DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2019.0281

ZHOU Xiong, SUN Peng-Sen, ZHANG Ming-Fang, LIU Shi-Rong. Spatio-temporal characteristics of vegetation water use efficiency and their relationships with climatic factors in alpine and subalpine area of southwestern China. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 2020, 44(6): 628-641. DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2019.0281

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链接本文: https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/10.17521/cjpe.2019.0281

https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/Y2020/V44/I6/628

图/表 13

图1 西南高山亚高山区流域分布图。

Fig. 1 Watersheds distribution in the alpine and subalpine area of southwestern China.

图2 西南高山亚高山区植被类型分类图。

Fig. 2 Vegetation map for the alpine and subalpine area of southwestern China.

表1 西南高山亚高山区不同植被类型的面积比例、平均海拔、年平均气温和年降水量

Table 1 The area ratio, mean altitude, mean annual air temperature and precipitation of different vegetation types in the alpine and subalpine area of southwestern China

植被类型 Vegetation type	面积比例 Area ratio (%)	平均海拔 Mean altitude (m)	年平均气温 Mean annual air temperature (℃)	年降水量 Mean annual precipitation (mm)
常绿针叶林 Evergreen needleleaf forest	7.22	3 243	7.97	846
常绿阔叶林 Evergreen broadleaf forest	1.52	1 581	16.92	665
落叶阔叶林 Deciduous broadleaf forest	1.59	2 706	8.48	897
混交林 Mixed forest	8.51	1 941	7.75	576
郁闭灌丛 Closed shrublands	0.02	3 328	9.33	817
有林草原 Woody savannas	12.71	3 320	6.74	867
稀树草原 Savannas	3.71	2 765	10.20	899
草地 Grassland	63.64	4 434	1.15	733
农田 Cropland	1.08	2 016	12.83	834

图3 2000-2014年西南高山亚高山区总初级生产力(GPP)(A)、蒸散(ET)(B)和水分利用效率(WUE)(C)年际变化。 *, p < 0.05; **, p < 0.01.

Fig. 3 Temporal trends of gross primary production (GPP)(A), evapotranspiration (ET)(B), and water use efficiency (WUE)(C) in the alpine and subalpine area of southwestern China from 2000 to 2014. *, p < 0.05; **, p < 0.01。

表2 2000-2014年西南高山亚高山区各流域总初级生产力(GPP)、蒸散(ET)、水分利用效率(WUE)平均值、WUE变化趋势

Table 2 Mean gross primary production (GPP), evapotranspiration (ET), water use efficiency (WUE), and the change rates of WUE in different watersheds of the alpine and subalpine area of southwestern China from 2000 to 2014

研究区域 Study region	总初级生产力平均值 Mean GPP (g C·m^-2)	蒸散平均值 Mean ET (mm)	水分利用效率平均值 Mean WUE (g·m^-2·mm^-1)	水分利用效率变化趋势 Change rates of WUE (g·m^-2·mm^-1·a^-1)
嘉陵江上游 Upstream of Jialing River	877	640	1.37	-0.001
岷江上游 Upstream of Minjiang River	833	722	1.15	0.004
大渡河 Dadu River	634	614	1.03	0.007
雅砻江上游 Upstream of Yalong River	697	544	1.28	0.013
金沙江上游 Upstream of Jinsha River	731	535	1.37	0.021^*
澜沧江上游 Upstream of Lancang River	295	515	0.57	0.011
怒江上游 Upstream of Nujiang River	235	512	0.46	0.009^*
雅鲁藏布江中游高山亚高山区 Alpine and subalpine area of middle-lower reaches of Yarlung Zangbo River	322	721	0.45	0.006
藏南高山亚高山区 Alpine and subalpine area of Southern Xizang	909	814	1.12	0.011^*

图4 2000-2014年西南高山亚高山区总初级生产力(GPP)、蒸散(ET)和水分利用效率(WUE)的空间分布及其变化趋势。

Fig. 4 Spatial distributions and change trends of gross primary production (GPP), evapotranspiration (ET) and water use efficiency (WUE) in the alpine and subalpine area of southwestern China from 2000 to 2014.

图5 2000-2014年西南高山亚高山区不同植被类型水分利用效率(WUE)的平均值(±标准偏差)。 CRO, 农田; CSH, 郁闭灌丛; DBF, 落叶阔叶林; EBF, 常绿阔叶林; ENF, 常绿针叶林; GRA, 草地; MF, 混交林; SA, 稀树草原; WSA, 有林草原。

Fig. 5 Mean water use efficiency (WUE ± SD) of different vegetation types in the alpine and subalpine area of southwestern China from 2000 to 2014. CRO, cropland; CSH, closed shrublands; DBF, deciduous broadleaf forest; EBF, evergreen broadleaf forest; ENF, evergreen needleleaf forest; GRA, grassland; MF, mixed forest; SA, savannas; WSA, woody savannas.

图6 2000-2014年西南高山亚高山区不同植被类型水分利用效率(WUE)年际变化。 *, p < 0.05; **, p < 0.01。

Fig. 6 Temporal trends of water use efficiency (WUE) of different vegetation types in the alpine and subalpine area of southwestern China from 2000 to 2014. *, p < 0.05; **, p < 0.01.

图7 西南高山亚高山区不同植被类型水分利用效率(WUE)与海拔的关系。

Fig. 7 Relationships between water use efficiency (WUE) of different vegetation types and altitude in the alpine and subalpine area of southwestern China.

图8 2000-2014年西南高山亚高山区水分利用效率(WUE)与年降水量相关系数的空间分布(A), WUE与年平均气温相关系数的空间分布(B)。

Fig. 8 Spatial distribution of correlation coefficients between annual water use efficiency (WUE) and annual precipitation (A), correlation coefficients between annual WUE and annual air temperature (B) in the alpine and subalpine area of southwestern China from 2000 to 2014.

表3 西南高山亚高山区不同植被类型水分利用效率(WUE)与年降水量和年平均气温的相关系数分析表

Table 3 Correlation coefficients between annual water use efficiency (WUE) and annual precipitation, and correlation coefficients between WUE and annual air temperature of different vegetation types in the alpine and subalpine area of southwestern China

植被类型 Vegetation type	常绿针叶林 Evergreen needleleaf forest	常绿阔叶林 Evergreen broadleaf forest	落叶阔叶林 Deciduous broadleaf forest	混交林 Mixed forest	郁闭灌丛 Closed shrublands	有林草原 Woody savannas	稀树草原 Savannas	草地 Grassland	农田 Cropland
WUE与降水量相关系数 Correlation coefficients between WUE and precipitation	-0.633^*	-0.189	-0.406	-0.197	-0.591^*	-0.732^**	-0.705^**	-0.712^**	-0.704^**
WUE与气温相关系数 Correlation coefficients between WUE and air temperature	0.628^*	0.255	0.599^*	0.548^*	0.808^**	0.715^**	0.513	0.814^**	0.416

图9 2000-2014年西南高山亚高山区气温(A)和降水量(B)年际变化。

Fig. 9 Temporal trends of annual air temperature (A) and precipitation (B) in the alpine and subalpine area of southwestern China from 2000 to 2014.

图10 2000-2014年西南高山亚高山区总初级生产力(GPP)和蒸散(ET)与气温(A)、降水量(B)的关系。

Fig. 10 Relationships between air temperature, gross primary production (GPP), and evapotranspiration (ET)(A), and between precipitation, GPP, and ET (B) in alpine and subalpine area of southwestern China from 2000 to 2014.

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