植物生态学报 ›› 2021, Vol. 45 ›› Issue (5): 562-572.DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2020.0279
所属专题: 青藏高原植物生态学:植物-土壤-微生物
• 研究论文 • 上一篇
刘攀1,3, 王文颖3,*(), 周华坤2, 毛旭锋1, 刘艳方3
收稿日期:
2020-08-12
接受日期:
2020-11-22
出版日期:
2021-05-20
发布日期:
2021-04-14
通讯作者:
王文颖
作者简介:
*(wangwy0106@163.com)基金资助:
LIU Pan1,3, WANG Wen-Ying3,*(), ZHOU Hua-Kun2, MAO Xu-Feng1, LIU Yan-Fang3
Received:
2020-08-12
Accepted:
2020-11-22
Online:
2021-05-20
Published:
2021-04-14
Contact:
WANG Wen-Ying
Supported by:
摘要:
氮作为人工草地最为重要的限制性因子, 在时间、空间上分布不均匀, 且在形态上存在差异, 与种植方式及地上净初级生产力(ANPP)存在相关关系。该研究以青海省同德牧场的无芒雀麦(Bromus inermis)、老芒麦(Elymus sibiricus)、垂穗披碱草(E. nutans)、西北羊茅(Festuca ryloviana)、中华羊茅(F. sinensis)、青海扁茎早熟禾(Poa pratensis var. anceps ‘Qinghai’)、冷地早熟禾(P. crymophila)、星星草(Puccinellia tenuiflora) 8种牧草单播人工草地为研究对象, 分析人工草地土壤可溶性氮库季节和年际动态变化过程及与ANPP之间的相互关系。该人工草地种植于2013年, 在2014-2016年(二龄、三龄和四龄)生长季6-9月测定土壤铵态氮(NH4+-N)、硝态氮(NO3--N)、可溶性有机氮(SON)和可溶性总氮(STN)含量, 每年9月初测定ANPP, 所有样地没有施肥, 每年9月中旬刈割, 留茬5 cm。研究发现: (1) 8种禾本科牧草的ANPP在329.67-794.67 g·m-2之间, 其中垂穗披碱草为794.67 g·m-2, 显著高于其他牧草。(2)在二至四龄人工草地中, 土壤NO3--N、SON和STN含量均显著下降, 但NH4+-N含量却显著增加。(3)土壤可溶性氮以SON为主, 占STN的45.11%-88.76% (0-10 cm)和47.75%-88.18% (10-20 cm); 其次为NO3--N, 占STN的5.81%-34.85% (0-10 cm)和6.08%-40.42% (10-20 cm); NH4+-N最少仅3.41%-22.18% (0-10 cm)和3.09%-19.56% (10-20 cm)。(4)非度量多维尺度分析(NMDS)结果显示, 随种植年限的增加, 不同禾本科牧草对0-10 cm土壤可溶性氮影响趋于离散, 而对10-20 cm土壤的影响则相反, 且牧草对土壤可溶性氮含量的影响程度与土壤深度有关。(5)相关性分析表明, 土壤SON、STN含量与人工草地ANPP呈正相关关系, 与无机氮(IN)含量呈负相关关系。综上所述, 三至四龄人工草地增施氮肥是维持草地生产力的关键因素。以上结果为更深入了解青藏高原人工草地土壤可溶性氮动态变化及维持人工草地生产力和稳定性提供了科学依据。
刘攀, 王文颖, 周华坤, 毛旭锋, 刘艳方. 青藏高原人工草地土壤可溶性氮组分与植被生产力动态变化过程. 植物生态学报, 2021, 45(5): 562-572. DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2020.0279
LIU Pan, WANG Wen-Ying, ZHOU Hua-Kun, MAO Xu-Feng, LIU Yan-Fang. Dynamics of soil soluble nitrogen and plant productivity in artificial pastures on the Qingzang Plateau. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 2021, 45(5): 562-572. DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2020.0279
图1 青藏高原人工草地地上生物量动态变化特征(平均值±标准误)。1, 无芒雀麦; 2, 老芒麦; 3, 垂穗披碱草; 4, 西北羊茅; 5, 中华羊茅; 6, 青海扁茎早熟禾; 7, 星星草; 8, 冷地早熟禾。不同小写字母表示同一龄期不同物种地上生物量差异显著(p < 0.05)。
Fig. 1 Dynamics of aboveground biomass in artificial pastures on Qingzang Plateau (mean ± SE). 1, Bromus inermis; 2, Elymus sibiricus; 3, E. nutans; 4, Festuca ryloviana; 5, F. sinensis; 6, Poa pratensis var. anceps ‘Qinghai’; 7, Puccinellia tenuiflora; 8, Poa crymophila. Different lowercase letters represent significant differences in aboveground biomass among different species of the same age (p < 0.05).
图2 青藏高原人工草地土壤可溶性氮动态变化特征(0-10 cm, 平均值±标准误)。
Fig. 2 Characteristics of the dynamics in soil soluble nitrogen in artificial pastures on the Qingzang Plateau (0-10 cm, mean ± SE). SON, soluble organic nitrogen; STN, soluble total nitrogen.
图3 青藏高原人工草地土壤可溶性氮动态变化特征(10-20 cm, 平均值±标准误)。
Fig. 3 Characteristics of the dynamics in soil soluble nitrogen in artificial pastures on the Qingzang Plateau (10-20 cm, mean ± SE). SON, soluble organic nitrogen; STN, soluble total nitrogen.
处理 Treatment | 年龄Age (a) | 0-10 cm土层 0-10 cm soil layer | 10-20 cm土层 10-20 cm soil layer | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
铵态氮/ 可溶性总氮 NH4+-N/STN (%) | 硝态氮/ 可溶性总氮 NO3--N/STN (%) | 无机氮/ 可溶性总氮 IN/STN (%) | 可溶性有机氮/可溶性总氮 SON/STN (%) | 铵态氮/ 可溶性总氮 NH4+-N/STN (%) | 硝态氮/ 可溶性总氮 NO3--N/STN (%) | 无机氮/ 可溶性总氮 IN/STN (%) | 可溶性有机氮/可溶性总氮 SON/STN (%) | ||
无芒雀麦 Bromus inermis | 2 | 8.53 | 18.83 | 27.36 | 72.64 | 10.62 | 34.97 | 45.59 | 54.41 |
3 | 9.22 | 14.06 | 23.28 | 76.72 | 7.76 | 10.95 | 18.71 | 81.29 | |
4 | 21.31 | 29.70 | 51.01 | 48.99 | 16.16 | 32.65 | 48.80 | 51.20 | |
老芒麦 Elymus sibiricus | 2 | 4.11 | 25.46 | 29.58 | 70.42 | 4.02 | 30.94 | 34.96 | 65.04 |
3 | 8.41 | 11.57 | 19.98 | 80.02 | 7.88 | 14.37 | 22.25 | 77.75 | |
4 | 17.34 | 34.52 | 51.85 | 48.15 | 18.68 | 33.57 | 52.25 | 47.75 | |
垂穗披碱草 E. nutans | 2 | 4.76 | 22.10 | 26.86 | 73.14 | 5.59 | 31.63 | 37.22 | 62.78 |
3 | 7.90 | 15.45 | 23.35 | 76.65 | 4.99 | 8.68 | 13.66 | 86.34 | |
4 | 21.61 | 33.28 | 54.89 | 45.11 | 17.63 | 26.96 | 44.59 | 55.41 | |
西北羊茅 Festuca ryloviana | 2 | 3.41 | 21.63 | 25.03 | 74.97 | 3.69 | 34.93 | 38.61 | 61.39 |
3 | 7.30 | 12.14 | 19.44 | 80.56 | 4.80 | 10.28 | 15.08 | 84.92 | |
4 | 22.18 | 30.79 | 52.98 | 47.02 | 19.56 | 25.19 | 44.75 | 55.25 | |
中华羊茅 F. sinensis | 2 | 5.91 | 28.37 | 34.28 | 65.72 | 4.87 | 33.10 | 37.97 | 62.03 |
3 | 5.99 | 16.15 | 22.14 | 77.86 | 5.49 | 11.04 | 16.53 | 83.47 | |
4 | 20.13 | 34.85 | 54.98 | 45.02 | 15.41 | 30.43 | 45.85 | 54.15 | |
青海扁茎早熟禾 Poa pratensis var. anceps ‘Qinghai’ | 2 | 4.06 | 18.54 | 22.59 | 77.41 | 3.09 | 40.42 | 43.51 | 56.49 |
3 | 5.42 | 5.81 | 11.24 | 88.76 | 8.43 | 12.23 | 20.66 | 79.34 | |
4 | 20.12 | 29.03 | 49.16 | 50.84 | 17.48 | 30.74 | 48.23 | 51.77 | |
星星草 Puccinellia tenuiflora | 2 | 4.33 | 27.73 | 32.06 | 67.94 | 4.32 | 33.36 | 37.68 | 62.32 |
3 | 8.18 | 20.37 | 28.55 | 71.45 | 5.74 | 6.08 | 11.82 | 88.18 | |
4 | 21.18 | 32.90 | 54.09 | 45.91 | 18.33 | 29.73 | 48.07 | 51.93 | |
冷地早熟禾 Poa crymophila | 2 | 5.07 | 29.05 | 34.12 | 65.88 | 4.19 | 40.99 | 45.18 | 54.82 |
3 | 7.70 | 8.96 | 16.65 | 83.35 | 3.29 | 14.35 | 17.65 | 82.35 | |
4 | 18.46 | 30.38 | 48.84 | 51.16 | 18.36 | 29.47 | 47.83 | 52.17 |
表1 青藏高原人工草地土壤无机氮(IN)与可溶性有机氮(SON)含量的比例
Table 1 Proportion of soil inorganic nitrogen (IN) and soluble organic nitrogen (SON) in artificial pastures on the Qingzang Plateau
处理 Treatment | 年龄Age (a) | 0-10 cm土层 0-10 cm soil layer | 10-20 cm土层 10-20 cm soil layer | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
铵态氮/ 可溶性总氮 NH4+-N/STN (%) | 硝态氮/ 可溶性总氮 NO3--N/STN (%) | 无机氮/ 可溶性总氮 IN/STN (%) | 可溶性有机氮/可溶性总氮 SON/STN (%) | 铵态氮/ 可溶性总氮 NH4+-N/STN (%) | 硝态氮/ 可溶性总氮 NO3--N/STN (%) | 无机氮/ 可溶性总氮 IN/STN (%) | 可溶性有机氮/可溶性总氮 SON/STN (%) | ||
无芒雀麦 Bromus inermis | 2 | 8.53 | 18.83 | 27.36 | 72.64 | 10.62 | 34.97 | 45.59 | 54.41 |
3 | 9.22 | 14.06 | 23.28 | 76.72 | 7.76 | 10.95 | 18.71 | 81.29 | |
4 | 21.31 | 29.70 | 51.01 | 48.99 | 16.16 | 32.65 | 48.80 | 51.20 | |
老芒麦 Elymus sibiricus | 2 | 4.11 | 25.46 | 29.58 | 70.42 | 4.02 | 30.94 | 34.96 | 65.04 |
3 | 8.41 | 11.57 | 19.98 | 80.02 | 7.88 | 14.37 | 22.25 | 77.75 | |
4 | 17.34 | 34.52 | 51.85 | 48.15 | 18.68 | 33.57 | 52.25 | 47.75 | |
垂穗披碱草 E. nutans | 2 | 4.76 | 22.10 | 26.86 | 73.14 | 5.59 | 31.63 | 37.22 | 62.78 |
3 | 7.90 | 15.45 | 23.35 | 76.65 | 4.99 | 8.68 | 13.66 | 86.34 | |
4 | 21.61 | 33.28 | 54.89 | 45.11 | 17.63 | 26.96 | 44.59 | 55.41 | |
西北羊茅 Festuca ryloviana | 2 | 3.41 | 21.63 | 25.03 | 74.97 | 3.69 | 34.93 | 38.61 | 61.39 |
3 | 7.30 | 12.14 | 19.44 | 80.56 | 4.80 | 10.28 | 15.08 | 84.92 | |
4 | 22.18 | 30.79 | 52.98 | 47.02 | 19.56 | 25.19 | 44.75 | 55.25 | |
中华羊茅 F. sinensis | 2 | 5.91 | 28.37 | 34.28 | 65.72 | 4.87 | 33.10 | 37.97 | 62.03 |
3 | 5.99 | 16.15 | 22.14 | 77.86 | 5.49 | 11.04 | 16.53 | 83.47 | |
4 | 20.13 | 34.85 | 54.98 | 45.02 | 15.41 | 30.43 | 45.85 | 54.15 | |
青海扁茎早熟禾 Poa pratensis var. anceps ‘Qinghai’ | 2 | 4.06 | 18.54 | 22.59 | 77.41 | 3.09 | 40.42 | 43.51 | 56.49 |
3 | 5.42 | 5.81 | 11.24 | 88.76 | 8.43 | 12.23 | 20.66 | 79.34 | |
4 | 20.12 | 29.03 | 49.16 | 50.84 | 17.48 | 30.74 | 48.23 | 51.77 | |
星星草 Puccinellia tenuiflora | 2 | 4.33 | 27.73 | 32.06 | 67.94 | 4.32 | 33.36 | 37.68 | 62.32 |
3 | 8.18 | 20.37 | 28.55 | 71.45 | 5.74 | 6.08 | 11.82 | 88.18 | |
4 | 21.18 | 32.90 | 54.09 | 45.91 | 18.33 | 29.73 | 48.07 | 51.93 | |
冷地早熟禾 Poa crymophila | 2 | 5.07 | 29.05 | 34.12 | 65.88 | 4.19 | 40.99 | 45.18 | 54.82 |
3 | 7.70 | 8.96 | 16.65 | 83.35 | 3.29 | 14.35 | 17.65 | 82.35 | |
4 | 18.46 | 30.38 | 48.84 | 51.16 | 18.36 | 29.47 | 47.83 | 52.17 |
图4 青藏高原人工草地种植不同禾本科牧草对土壤可溶性氮含量的影响。NMDS, 非度量多维尺度分析。
Fig. 4 Effect of planting different grasses on soil soluble nitrogen contents on the Qingzang Plateau. SON, soluble organic nitrogen; STN, soluble total nitrogen. NMDS, non-metric multidimensional scaling. BI, Bromus inermis; EN, Elymus nutans; ES, E. sibiricus; FR, Festuca ryloviana; FS, F. sinensis; PC, Poa crymophila; PP, P. pratensis var. anceps ‘Qinghai’; PT, Puccinellia tenuiflora.
处理 Treatment | 指标 Variable | 0-10 cm | 10-20 cm |
---|---|---|---|
无芒雀麦 Bromus inermis | NH4+-N | -0.485 | -0.170 |
NO3--N | 0.010 | 0.068 | |
SON | 0.392 | 0.676* | |
STN | 0.403 | 0.681* | |
老芒麦 Elymus sibiricus | NH4+-N | -0.259 | -0.444 |
NO3--N | -0.328 | 0.067 | |
SON | 0.347 | 0.459 | |
STN | 0.231 | 0.328 | |
垂穗披碱草 E. nutans | NH4+-N | -0.436 | 0.239 |
NO3--N | 0.190 | 0.096 | |
SON | 0.224 | 0.360 | |
STN | 0.219 | 0.331 | |
西北羊茅 Festuca ryloviana | NH4+-N | -0.414 | -0.516 |
NO3--N | -0.636* | -0.450 | |
SON | 0.377 | 0.111 | |
STN | 0.218 | -0.098 | |
中华羊茅 F. sinensis | NH4+-N | -0.449 | -0.676* |
NO3--N | -0.453 | -0.184 | |
SON | 0.526 | 0.277 | |
STN | 0.347 | 0.114 | |
青海扁茎早熟禾 Poa pratensis var. anceps ‘Qinghai’ | NH4+-N | -0.293 | -0.134 |
NO3--N | -0.531 | -0.266 | |
SON | 0.460 | 0.017 | |
STN | 0.338 | -0.155 | |
星星草 Puccinellia tenuiflora | NH4+-N | -0.241 | -0.257 |
NO3--N | -0.052 | 0.113 | |
SON | 0.146 | 0.216 | |
STN | 0.083 | 0.200 | |
冷地早熟禾 Poa crymophila | NH4+-N | -0.494 | -0.548 |
NO3--N | -0.831* | 0.177 | |
SON | 0.350 | 0.828** | |
STN | 0.091 | 0.694* |
表2 青藏高原人工草地种植禾本科牧草土壤氮组分与地上净初级生产力(ANPP)相关性分析
Table 2 Correlation analysis of soil nitrogen components and aboveground net primary productivity (ANPP) on the Qingzang Plateau
处理 Treatment | 指标 Variable | 0-10 cm | 10-20 cm |
---|---|---|---|
无芒雀麦 Bromus inermis | NH4+-N | -0.485 | -0.170 |
NO3--N | 0.010 | 0.068 | |
SON | 0.392 | 0.676* | |
STN | 0.403 | 0.681* | |
老芒麦 Elymus sibiricus | NH4+-N | -0.259 | -0.444 |
NO3--N | -0.328 | 0.067 | |
SON | 0.347 | 0.459 | |
STN | 0.231 | 0.328 | |
垂穗披碱草 E. nutans | NH4+-N | -0.436 | 0.239 |
NO3--N | 0.190 | 0.096 | |
SON | 0.224 | 0.360 | |
STN | 0.219 | 0.331 | |
西北羊茅 Festuca ryloviana | NH4+-N | -0.414 | -0.516 |
NO3--N | -0.636* | -0.450 | |
SON | 0.377 | 0.111 | |
STN | 0.218 | -0.098 | |
中华羊茅 F. sinensis | NH4+-N | -0.449 | -0.676* |
NO3--N | -0.453 | -0.184 | |
SON | 0.526 | 0.277 | |
STN | 0.347 | 0.114 | |
青海扁茎早熟禾 Poa pratensis var. anceps ‘Qinghai’ | NH4+-N | -0.293 | -0.134 |
NO3--N | -0.531 | -0.266 | |
SON | 0.460 | 0.017 | |
STN | 0.338 | -0.155 | |
星星草 Puccinellia tenuiflora | NH4+-N | -0.241 | -0.257 |
NO3--N | -0.052 | 0.113 | |
SON | 0.146 | 0.216 | |
STN | 0.083 | 0.200 | |
冷地早熟禾 Poa crymophila | NH4+-N | -0.494 | -0.548 |
NO3--N | -0.831* | 0.177 | |
SON | 0.350 | 0.828** | |
STN | 0.091 | 0.694* |
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