基于固态激光雷达测高法的亚热带幼树生长物候及其对环境因子的响应

doi:10.17521/cjpe.2024.0138

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

林木的生长物候是全球变化背景下森林碳汇研究的热点领域。目前为止, 由于观测的困难, 大多研究只涉及林木的径向生长, 关于林木高生长的研究仍十分缺乏, 相关研究也很少采用高频监测技术手段, 这限制了对林木高生长物候及其驱动机制的认识; 同时, 通过冠层颜色指数反演林木生长动态也成为一种趋势。因此, 该研究从基础仪器和算法的角度出发, 以亚热带典型阔叶树种米槠(Castanopsis carlesii)和针叶树种杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolata)的幼树为研究对象, 使用面阵固态激光雷达对中宇宙生长平台的树高生长动态进行了连续高频测量, 此外, 该研究从可见光延时摄影照片中提取了RGB转换的冠层颜色指数, 并将其与多气象观测系统监测的环境因子结合, 探究林木高度生长的物候及其气候驱动因素。研究结果表明: 米槠和杉木的生长季开始时间相近, 米槠的生长季结束时间显著早于杉木, 杉木的生长季长度显著大于米槠、树高年累计生长量也大于米槠; 米槠树高单日生长速率与土壤水分含量显著正相关; 杉木树高单日生长速率与气温、土壤水分含量显著负相关, 与土壤温度、饱和水汽压差(VPD)显著正相关; 米槠和杉木的冠层颜色指数在表征树高生长动态时存在差异, 杉木树高单日生长速率与绝对绿度(ExG)、相对绿度(Gcc)、绿红植被指数(GRVI)均显著正相关, 而米槠树高单日生长速率仅与绿红植被指数(GRVI)显著正相关, 与其余颜色指数的相关性较弱。综上, 该研究利用系统的林木生长物候观测仪器, 分析林木高生长物候及其影响因子; 以及冠层颜色指数对林木生长的反演, 为森林碳汇研究提供重要的理论依据。

关键词: 树高生长, 物候, 激光雷达测高, 物候相机, 冠层颜色指数

Abstract:

Aims Tree growth phenology is crucial for understanding forest carbon sequestration under global change. However, up until now, observational challenges have limited research on tree height growth, with most studies focusing on radial growth. Due to the scarcity of studies employing high-frequency monitoring, our understanding of the mechanisms driving tree growth phenology is limited. Additionally, canopy color indices are increasingly being used to study tree growth dynamics.

Methods We used area-array solid-state Lidar to continuously and at high frequency measure height growth dynamics of Cunninghamia lanceolata and Castanopsis carlesii saplings within a mesocosm experiment in subtropical china. We also derived RGB-converted canopy color indices from phenocams and integrated them with environmental factors data from a multi-factor meteorological observation system. The study aimed to explore the phenology of tree saplings height growth and its meteorological drives.

Important findings Our results indicated a synchronous start to the growing season for Castanopsis carlesii and Cunninghamia lanceolata, but a significantly earlier end for Castanopsis carlesii. Moreover, Cunninghamia lanceolata exhibited a significantly longer growing season and higher cumulative annual tree height growth than Castanopsis carlesii. The daily height growth rate of Castanopsis carlesii showed a significantly positive correlation with soil moisture. Conversely, the daily height growth rate of Cunninghamia lanceolatawas significantly negatively correlated with air temperature and soil moisture, but positively correlated with soil temperature and vapor pressure deficit (VPD). Notable differences in canopy color indices were identified between the two species: the daily height growth rate of Cunninghamia lanceolata was significantly positively correlated with the Green Excess Index (ExG), Green Chromatic Coordinate (Gcc), and Green Red Vegetation Index (GRVI), whereas Castanopsis carlesii correlated significantly with positively GRVI alone. In summary, this study utilized systematic phenological observation instruments to examine tree saplings height growth phenology and its driving factors. Furthermore, it utilized canopy color indices to retrieve tree height growth, offering key theoretical insights for forest carbon sequestration research.

Key words: tree height growth, phenology, laser radar altimetry, phenocam, canopy color index

万冬梅, 杨智杰, 刘小飞, 熊德成, 胥超, 陈仕东, 杨玉盛. 基于固态激光雷达测高法的亚热带幼树生长物候及其对环境因子的响应. 植物生态学报, 2025, 49(12): 2080-2091. DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2024.0138

WAN Dong-Mei, YANG Zhi-Jie, LIU Xiao-Fei, XIONG De-Cheng, XU Chao, CHEN Shi-Dong, YANG Yu-Sheng. Subtropical tree saplings growth phenology based on solid-state Lidar altimetry and its response to environmental factors. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 2025, 49(12): 2080-2091. DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2024.0138

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链接本文: https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/10.17521/cjpe.2024.0138

https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/Y2025/V49/I12/2080

图/表 8

图1 福建三明森林生态系统国家野外科学观测研究站高频物候监测设备集成(拍摄于2024年10月16日)。

Fig. 1 High frequency phenological monitoring equipment integration at the Fujian Sanming Forest Ecosystem and National Field Scientific Observatory (Photo captured on October 16, 2024).

图2 米槠和杉木树高累积生长量及生长速率。阴影区域表示标准误。

Fig. 2 Hight cumulative growth and growth rate of Castanopsis carlesii and Cunninghamia lanceolata. Shaded areas represent standard errors.

表1 米槠和杉木树高生长物候参数(平均值±标准误)

Table 1 Height growth phenology of Castanopsis carlesii and Cunninghamia lanceolata (mean ± SE)

树种 Tree species	生长开始时间 Start day of growth (DOY)	生长结束时间 End day of growth (DOY)	生长季长度 Growing season length (d)	年生长量 Annual growth (cm)
米槠 Castanopsis carlesii	83.67 ± 4.04^a	283.00 ± 6.56^b	199.33 ± 10.07^b	87.32 ± 2.45^b
杉木 Cunninghamia lanceolata	83.33 ± 3.06^a	321.33 ± 13.05^a	238.00 ± 15.40^a	98.86 ± 1.83^a

图3 福建三明森林生态系统国家野外科学观测研究站环境因子变化特征。

Fig. 3 Variation characteristics of environmental factors at the Fujian Sanming Forest Ecosystem and National Field Scientific Observatory. PAR and VPD are photosynthetically active radiation and vapor pressure deficit, respectively.

图4 米槠和杉木在特定气候区间的累积生长量占年生长量的比例(平均值±标准误)。

Fig. 4 Proportion of cumulative growth on annual growth in specific climatic intervals for Castanopsis carlesii and Cunninghamia lanceolata (mean ± SE). PAR and VPD are photosynthetically active radiation and vapor pressure deficit, respectively.

图5 米槠和杉木树高日生长量与气候因子的线性混合效应模型的标准化系数。用实心圆圈表示显著性水平(p < 0.05), 用空心圆圈表示显著性水平(p > 0.05)。

Fig. 5 Standardized coefficients of the linear mixed-effects models for Castanopsis carlesii and Cunninghamia lanceolata. Significant levels (p < 0.05) were marked in closed circles, and significance levels (p > 0.05) were marked in hollow circles. PAR and VPD are photosynthetically active radiation and vapor pressure deficit, respectively.

图6 米槠和杉木冠层颜色指数时间序列曲线。ExG、Gcc和GRVI分别表示绝对绿度指数、绝对绿度指数、绿红植被指数。

Fig. 6 Time series curves of canopy color indices for Castanopsis carlesii and Cunninghamia lanceolata. ExG, Gcc, and GRVI indicate green excess index, green chromatic coordinate, and green red vegetation index, respectively.

表2 米槠和杉木冠层颜色指数与树高生长量相关性检验

Table 2 Correlation test between canopy color index and height increment of Castanopsis carlesii and Cunninghamia lanceolata

米槠 Castanopsis carlesii	单日生长速率 Daily growth rate	绝对绿度指数 ExG	相对绿度指数 Gcc	绿红植被指数 GRVI
单日生长速率 Daily growth rate	1	0.024	0.053	0.348^*
绝对绿度指数 ExG		1	0.991^**	0.737^**
相对绿度指数 Gcc			1	0.800^**
绿红植被指数 GRVI				1
杉木 Cunninghamia lanceolata	单日生长速率 Daily growth rate	绝对绿度指数 ExG	相对绿度指数 Gcc	绿红植被指数 GRVI
单日生长速率 Daily growth rate	1	0.543^**	0.530^**	0.551^**
绝对绿度指数 ExG		1	0.997^**	0.978^**
相对绿度指数 Gcc			1	0.979^**
绿红植被指数 GRVI				1

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