Effect of soil organic matter chemical compositions on soil protease and urease activity in alpine grassland soils in Northern Xizang, China

doi:10.17521/cjpe.2020.0169

Abstract

Abstract:

Aims Soil enzymes play an important role in the process of soil nutrient transformation. The main purpose of this study is to explore the chemical composition of soil organic matter and its effect on soil protease and urease activity in alpine grasslands in Northern Xizang, China.
Methods The pyrolysis Gas Chromatograph/Mass Spectrometer (Py-GC/MS) was used to obtain the chemical compositions of soil organic matter, and to analyze the relationships between soil chemical compositions and soil enzyme activity in five alpine grasslands, including alpine meadow, alpine steppe, alpine meadow steppe, alpine desert steppe and alpine desert ecosystems.
Important findings The results showed that the enzyme activities among five alpine grassland soils (0-15 cm) were different. Soil urease activity was significantly higher than soil protease activity in the alpine desert steppe, while the difference between the urease and protease activities was not significant in other types of alpine grasslands. Soil protease activity was significantly different among five alpine grassland types, but soil urease activity was not. The correlation analysis showed that soil protease activity was closely related to the relative abundance of alkanes, alkenes and aromatics in soil organic matter and the ratio of furfural to pyrrole. However, the correlation relationships between urease activity and soil organic matter chemical compositions were not significant. The results indicated that alpine grassland type and soil organic matter chemistry were the key factors affecting soil protease activity, but their effects on soil urease activity was non-significant, which calls for further study on the influencing factors on soil urease activity.

Key words: alpine meadow, alpine steppe, soil organic matter chemical composition, enzyme activity, Pyrolysis Gas Chromatograph/Mass Spectrometer (Py-GC/MS)

MA Shu-Qin, WANG Zi-Wei, CHEN You-Chao, LU Xu-Yang. Effect of soil organic matter chemical compositions on soil protease and urease activity in alpine grassland soils in Northern Xizang, China[J]. Chin J Plant Ecol, 2021, 45(5): 516-527.

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Figures/Tables 10

References 58

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化学成分 Chemical Compositions	化学分子 Chemical molecular
烷烃 n-Alkanes	3-乙基-己烷、正十一烷、2,4,6-三甲基戊烷、3-甲基-十一烷、乙基-环十二烷、正十九烷 3-ethyl-hexane, undecane, 2,4,6-trimethyl-octane, 3-methyl-undecane, ethyl-cyclododecane, nonadecane
烯烃 n-Alkenes	2-甲基-1-丁烯、1,4-环己二烯、5-甲基-1,3-环戊二烯、1-庚烯、1,2-二甲基-环戊烯、(E)-1,5-庚二烯、2,6-辛二烯、1-辛烯、3-甲基-1-庚烯、3-甲基-1,5-庚二烯、(E)-2-十一烯、1-癸烯、(E)-2-十二烯、2-甲基-1-十五烯、17-三十五烯、(E)-5-十八烯、 9-十九烯 2-methyl-1-butene, 1,4-cyclohexadiene, 5-methyl-1,3-cyclopentadiene, 1-heptene, 1,2-dimethyl-cyclopentene, (E)-1,5-heptadiene, 2,6-octadiene, 1-octene, 3-methyl-1-heptene, 3-methyl-1,5-heptadiene, (E)-2-undecene, 1-decene, (E)-2-dodecene, 2-methyl-1- pentadecene, 17-pentatriacontene, (E)-5-octadecene, 9-nonadecene
芳香烃 Aromatics	苯、甲苯、乙苯、对二甲苯、苯乙烯、1-乙烯基-3-甲苯、邻苯二甲酸酐、2-甲基苯乙炔、2,5-二甲基-对三联苯、1-甲基-4-(1-丙炔基)-苯 Benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, p-xylene, styrene, 1-ethenyl-3-methyl-benzene, phthalic anhydride, methylphenylacetylene, 2,5-dimethyl-p-terphenyl, 1-methyl-4-(1-propynyl)-benzene
脂肪酸 Fatty acids	4-溴丁酸、4-氰基苯甲酸-6-乙基-3-辛酯、邻苯二甲酸二甲酯、十四酸、邻苯二甲酸2-(2-甲氧基)异丁基己酯、十六烷酸甲酯、棕榈酸、十五烷酸、9-十六碳烯酸、反-13-十八烯酸、顺-13-十八烯酸、邻苯二酸二异辛酯、酞酸丁十一酯、1,3-苯二甲酸二(2-乙基己基)酯、(E)-3-己烯-1-醇乙酸酯 4-bromobutyric acid, 4-cyanobenzoic acid, 6-ethyl-3-octyl ester, dimethyl phthalate, tetradecanoic acid, phthalic acid, isobutyl 2-(2-methoxyethyl)hexyl ester, hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester, n-hexadecanoic acid, pentadecanoic acid, 9-hexadecenoic acid, trans-13-octadecenoic acid, cis-13-octadecenoic acid, diisooctyl phthalate, phthalic acid, butyl undecyl ester, 1,3-benzenedicarboxylic acid, bis(2-ethylhexyl) ester, (E)-3-hexen-1-ol, acetate
木质素 Lignins	2-甲基-1-戊醇、3-己炔-2,5-二醇、2-甲基-4-乙烯基酚、α-乙基-4-甲氧基-苯甲醇 2-methyl-1-pentanol, 3-hexyne-2,5-diol, 2-methoxy-4-vinylphenol, α-ethyl-4-methoxy-benzenemethanol
含氮化合物 N-compounds	D-丙氨酸、1,2-丙二酰胺、2-丙胺、4-甲基-2-戊胺、异丁腈、3-甲基丁烯腈、N-甲基吡咯、吡啶、吡咯、2-甲基吡啶、2-甲基嘧啶、2-甲基吡咯、异已腈、3-甲基吡咯、3-甲基吡啶、2,6-二甲基吡啶、2,3-二甲基吡咯、3-乙基吡咯、3,5-二甲基吡啶、2,4-二甲基吡啶、苄腈、吲哚、氨基苯并噻唑、2(3H)-苯并噻唑酮、硬脂酰胺、十八腈、11-硝基-1-十一碳烯、十七腈、十二酰胺、N-苯基-2-氨基苯并噻唑、油酸酰胺、十九酰胺、芥酸酰胺 D-alanine, 1,2-propanediamine, 2-propanamine, 4-methyl-2-pentanamine, isobutyronitrile, 3-methyl-butanenitrile, 1-methyl-1H- pyrrole, pyridine, pyrrole, 2-methyl-pyridine, 2-methyl-pyrimidine, 2-methyl-1H-pyrrole, isoamyl cyanide, 3-methyl-1H-pyrrole, 3-methyl-pyridine, 2,6-dimethyl-pyridine, 2,3-dimethyl-1H-pyrrole, 3-ethyl-1H-pyrrole, 3,5-dimethyl-pyridine, 2,4-dimethyl-pyridine, benzyl nitrile, indole, 2-benzothiazolamine, 2(3H)-benzothiazolone, octadecanamide, octadecanenitrile, 11-nitro-1-undecene, heptadecanenitrile, dodecanamide, N-phenyl-2-benzothiazolamine, 9-octadecenamide, (Z)-, nonadecanamide, 13-docosenamide
酚 Phenols	酚、2-甲酚、对甲酚、3-乙基苯酚、邻苯基苯酚、4,4′-(1-甲基亚乙基)苯酚 Phenol, 2-methyl-phenol, p-cresol, 3-ethyl-phenol, o-hydroxybiphenyl, 4,4′-(1-methylethylidene)bis- phenol
多环芳烃 Polyaromatics	茚、1,2-二氢萘、1-亚甲基-1H-茚、1-亚乙基-1H-茚、1-甲基萘、2-甲基萘 Indane, 1,2-dihydro-naphthalene, 1-methylene-1H-indene, 1-ethylidene-1H-indene, 1-methyl-naphthalene, 2-methyl-naphthalene
多糖 Polysaccharides	3-甲基丁醛、乙酸、巴豆醛、异丁烯醛、2,5-二甲基呋喃、4-羟基-2-环戊烯酮、3-糠醛、糠醛、4-环戊烯-1,3-二酮、2-甲基-2-环戊烯酮、1,2-环戊二酮、5-甲基-2-糠醛、3-甲基-1,2-环戊二酮、2,3-二甲基-2-环戊烯酮、苯乙酮、2,3-二羟基苯呋喃、2,3-二羟基-1H-茚-1-酮、苯酐、黄柏酮、2-二烯丙氨基-N-苯基-2-硫基-乙酰胺 3-methyl-butanal, acetic acid, 2-butenal, methacrolein, 2,5-dimethyl-furan, 4-hydroxy-2-cyclohexen-1-one, 3-furaldehyde, furfural, 4-cyclopentene-1,3-dione, 2-methyl-2-cyclopenten-1-one, 1,2-cyclopentanedione, 5-methyl-2-furancarboxaldehyde, 3-methyl- 1,2-cyclopentanedione, 2,3-dimethyl-2-cyclopenten-1-one, acetophenone, 2,3-dihydro-benzofuran, 2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-one, phthalic anhydride, obacunone, 2-diallylamino-N-phenyl-2-thioxo-acetamide
萜烯类 Terpenes	角鲨烯 squalene
其他成分 Others	己基过氧化氢、顺-1,3-环戊烷二醇、反-4-环戊烯-1,3-二醇、癸醇、十六醇 Hexyl-hydroperoxide, cis-1,3-cyclopentanediol, trans-4-cyclopentene-1,3-diol, 1-decanol, 1-hexadecanol
未知物质 Unknowns	未知1、未知2、未知3、未知4、未知5、未知6、未知7、未知8、未知9、未知10、未知11、未知12 Unknown 1, unknown 2, unknown 3, unknown 4, unknown 5, unknown 6, unknown 7, unknown 8, unknown 9, unknown 10, unknown 11, unknown 12

化学成分 Chemical Compositions	化学分子 Chemical molecular
烷烃 n-Alkanes	3-乙基-己烷、正十一烷、2,4,6-三甲基戊烷、3-甲基-十一烷、乙基-环十二烷、正十九烷 3-ethyl-hexane, undecane, 2,4,6-trimethyl-octane, 3-methyl-undecane, ethyl-cyclododecane, nonadecane
烯烃 n-Alkenes	2-甲基-1-丁烯、1,4-环己二烯、5-甲基-1,3-环戊二烯、1-庚烯、1,2-二甲基-环戊烯、(E)-1,5-庚二烯、2,6-辛二烯、1-辛烯、3-甲基-1-庚烯、3-甲基-1,5-庚二烯、(E)-2-十一烯、1-癸烯、(E)-2-十二烯、2-甲基-1-十五烯、17-三十五烯、(E)-5-十八烯、 9-十九烯 2-methyl-1-butene, 1,4-cyclohexadiene, 5-methyl-1,3-cyclopentadiene, 1-heptene, 1,2-dimethyl-cyclopentene, (E)-1,5-heptadiene, 2,6-octadiene, 1-octene, 3-methyl-1-heptene, 3-methyl-1,5-heptadiene, (E)-2-undecene, 1-decene, (E)-2-dodecene, 2-methyl-1- pentadecene, 17-pentatriacontene, (E)-5-octadecene, 9-nonadecene
芳香烃 Aromatics	苯、甲苯、乙苯、对二甲苯、苯乙烯、1-乙烯基-3-甲苯、邻苯二甲酸酐、2-甲基苯乙炔、2,5-二甲基-对三联苯、1-甲基-4-(1-丙炔基)-苯 Benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, p-xylene, styrene, 1-ethenyl-3-methyl-benzene, phthalic anhydride, methylphenylacetylene, 2,5-dimethyl-p-terphenyl, 1-methyl-4-(1-propynyl)-benzene
脂肪酸 Fatty acids	4-溴丁酸、4-氰基苯甲酸-6-乙基-3-辛酯、邻苯二甲酸二甲酯、十四酸、邻苯二甲酸2-(2-甲氧基)异丁基己酯、十六烷酸甲酯、棕榈酸、十五烷酸、9-十六碳烯酸、反-13-十八烯酸、顺-13-十八烯酸、邻苯二酸二异辛酯、酞酸丁十一酯、1,3-苯二甲酸二(2-乙基己基)酯、(E)-3-己烯-1-醇乙酸酯 4-bromobutyric acid, 4-cyanobenzoic acid, 6-ethyl-3-octyl ester, dimethyl phthalate, tetradecanoic acid, phthalic acid, isobutyl 2-(2-methoxyethyl)hexyl ester, hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester, n-hexadecanoic acid, pentadecanoic acid, 9-hexadecenoic acid, trans-13-octadecenoic acid, cis-13-octadecenoic acid, diisooctyl phthalate, phthalic acid, butyl undecyl ester, 1,3-benzenedicarboxylic acid, bis(2-ethylhexyl) ester, (E)-3-hexen-1-ol, acetate
木质素 Lignins	2-甲基-1-戊醇、3-己炔-2,5-二醇、2-甲基-4-乙烯基酚、α-乙基-4-甲氧基-苯甲醇 2-methyl-1-pentanol, 3-hexyne-2,5-diol, 2-methoxy-4-vinylphenol, α-ethyl-4-methoxy-benzenemethanol
含氮化合物 N-compounds	D-丙氨酸、1,2-丙二酰胺、2-丙胺、4-甲基-2-戊胺、异丁腈、3-甲基丁烯腈、N-甲基吡咯、吡啶、吡咯、2-甲基吡啶、2-甲基嘧啶、2-甲基吡咯、异已腈、3-甲基吡咯、3-甲基吡啶、2,6-二甲基吡啶、2,3-二甲基吡咯、3-乙基吡咯、3,5-二甲基吡啶、2,4-二甲基吡啶、苄腈、吲哚、氨基苯并噻唑、2(3H)-苯并噻唑酮、硬脂酰胺、十八腈、11-硝基-1-十一碳烯、十七腈、十二酰胺、N-苯基-2-氨基苯并噻唑、油酸酰胺、十九酰胺、芥酸酰胺 D-alanine, 1,2-propanediamine, 2-propanamine, 4-methyl-2-pentanamine, isobutyronitrile, 3-methyl-butanenitrile, 1-methyl-1H- pyrrole, pyridine, pyrrole, 2-methyl-pyridine, 2-methyl-pyrimidine, 2-methyl-1H-pyrrole, isoamyl cyanide, 3-methyl-1H-pyrrole, 3-methyl-pyridine, 2,6-dimethyl-pyridine, 2,3-dimethyl-1H-pyrrole, 3-ethyl-1H-pyrrole, 3,5-dimethyl-pyridine, 2,4-dimethyl-pyridine, benzyl nitrile, indole, 2-benzothiazolamine, 2(3H)-benzothiazolone, octadecanamide, octadecanenitrile, 11-nitro-1-undecene, heptadecanenitrile, dodecanamide, N-phenyl-2-benzothiazolamine, 9-octadecenamide, (Z)-, nonadecanamide, 13-docosenamide
酚 Phenols	酚、2-甲酚、对甲酚、3-乙基苯酚、邻苯基苯酚、4,4′-(1-甲基亚乙基)苯酚 Phenol, 2-methyl-phenol, p-cresol, 3-ethyl-phenol, o-hydroxybiphenyl, 4,4′-(1-methylethylidene)bis- phenol
多环芳烃 Polyaromatics	茚、1,2-二氢萘、1-亚甲基-1H-茚、1-亚乙基-1H-茚、1-甲基萘、2-甲基萘 Indane, 1,2-dihydro-naphthalene, 1-methylene-1H-indene, 1-ethylidene-1H-indene, 1-methyl-naphthalene, 2-methyl-naphthalene
多糖 Polysaccharides	3-甲基丁醛、乙酸、巴豆醛、异丁烯醛、2,5-二甲基呋喃、4-羟基-2-环戊烯酮、3-糠醛、糠醛、4-环戊烯-1,3-二酮、2-甲基-2-环戊烯酮、1,2-环戊二酮、5-甲基-2-糠醛、3-甲基-1,2-环戊二酮、2,3-二甲基-2-环戊烯酮、苯乙酮、2,3-二羟基苯呋喃、2,3-二羟基-1H-茚-1-酮、苯酐、黄柏酮、2-二烯丙氨基-N-苯基-2-硫基-乙酰胺 3-methyl-butanal, acetic acid, 2-butenal, methacrolein, 2,5-dimethyl-furan, 4-hydroxy-2-cyclohexen-1-one, 3-furaldehyde, furfural, 4-cyclopentene-1,3-dione, 2-methyl-2-cyclopenten-1-one, 1,2-cyclopentanedione, 5-methyl-2-furancarboxaldehyde, 3-methyl- 1,2-cyclopentanedione, 2,3-dimethyl-2-cyclopenten-1-one, acetophenone, 2,3-dihydro-benzofuran, 2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-one, phthalic anhydride, obacunone, 2-diallylamino-N-phenyl-2-thioxo-acetamide
萜烯类 Terpenes	角鲨烯 squalene
其他成分 Others	己基过氧化氢、顺-1,3-环戊烷二醇、反-4-环戊烯-1,3-二醇、癸醇、十六醇 Hexyl-hydroperoxide, cis-1,3-cyclopentanediol, trans-4-cyclopentene-1,3-diol, 1-decanol, 1-hexadecanol
未知物质 Unknowns	未知1、未知2、未知3、未知4、未知5、未知6、未知7、未知8、未知9、未知10、未知11、未知12 Unknown 1, unknown 2, unknown 3, unknown 4, unknown 5, unknown 6, unknown 7, unknown 8, unknown 9, unknown 10, unknown 11, unknown 12

高寒草地类型 Alpine grassland type	蛋白酶 Protease (μg·g^-1·h^-1)	脲酶 Urease (mg·kg^-1·h^-1)
高寒草甸 Alpine meadow	170.20 ± 55.28^Aa	96.25 ± 52.08^Aa
高寒草原 Alpine steppe	117.84 ± 36.68^Aab	130.20 ± 41.59^Aa
高寒荒漠 Alpine desert	85.60 ± 10.02^Abc	80.07 ± 1.97^Aa
高寒草甸草原 Alpine meadow steppe	79.97 ± 43.97^Abc	68.53 ± 6.22^Aa
高寒荒漠草原 Alpine desert steppe	31.00 ± 20.81^Bc	85.86 ± 14.31^Aa

高寒草地类型 Alpine grassland type	蛋白酶 Protease (μg·g^-1·h^-1)	脲酶 Urease (mg·kg^-1·h^-1)
高寒草甸 Alpine meadow	170.20 ± 55.28^Aa	96.25 ± 52.08^Aa
高寒草原 Alpine steppe	117.84 ± 36.68^Aab	130.20 ± 41.59^Aa
高寒荒漠 Alpine desert	85.60 ± 10.02^Abc	80.07 ± 1.97^Aa
高寒草甸草原 Alpine meadow steppe	79.97 ± 43.97^Abc	68.53 ± 6.22^Aa
高寒荒漠草原 Alpine desert steppe	31.00 ± 20.81^Bc	85.86 ± 14.31^Aa

高寒草地类型 Alpine grassland type	净氮矿化速率 Net N mineralization rate (mg·g^-1·d^-1)	净氨化速率 Net ammonification rate (mg·g^-1·d^-1)	净硝化速率 Net nitrification rate (mg·g^-1·d^-1)
高寒草甸 Alpine meadow	0.33 ± 0.17^a	0.010 ± 0.004^a	0.32 ± 0.16^a
高寒草原 Alpine steppe	0.15 ± 0.06^b	0.008 ± 0.002^b	0.14 ± 0.06^b
高寒荒漠 Alpine desert	0.05 ± 0.02^b	0.003 ± 0.002^c	0.05 ± 0.01^b
高寒草甸草原 Alpine meadow steppe	0.12 ± 0.05^b	0.004 ± 0.001^c	0.12 ± 0.05^b
高寒荒漠草原 Alpine desert steppe	0.05 ± 0.02^b	0.004 ± 0.002^c	0.04 ± 0.02^b